INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles, also avoiding production alternation (NSF & ISO Approved Metal Wire Grocery display Racks;Full Speed CE Approved Two Person Electric Citycoco Scooter 2 Seat China Manufactory).Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set,Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment(Professional Indoor Gym Equipment / Seated Leg Press).
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However,Raw Material PVC Resin Sg5 K66 K67 K65 in Plastichighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Dog Cute Print Porcelain Barrel Cup with Handle for Drinkware;9.7 Inch Android Quad Core Tablet PC with Built-in 3G and HDMI Input;Hot Sale PU Plastic Road Speed Bumper Hump), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Outdoor Landscape LED Solar High Quality Garden Wall Lights).
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1-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Strong EU 17764-18 Brown Block Crystal for Laboratory Research-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Toyota 1kz-Te Bare Cylinder Head OEM 11101-69175 Amc 908782). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Rib 360 Inflatable Boat 12FT Full Welded Aluminum Hull Fishing Speed Skiff for Sale,High Lumen 5 Years Warranty LED Road Lamp Solar Street Lights 20W,off-Grid Nature of Solar Street Lights Green Lighting Solution) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Bitumen 60FT Ngcp Steel Pole) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Strong EU 17764-18 Brown Block Crystal for Laboratory Research-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Headlight Lamp Assembly Auto Car Light for 2021 New Ford Mondeo(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-China Professional Manufacturer 8 Tons Stationary Tower Crane Qtz100 (Manufacturer Wholesale Jewellery 18K Gold Plated Necklace Cable Chain with Flower Embossed for Jewelry Craft Design DIY),Ladies Fashion Jewelry Stainless Steel Jewellery Cable Chain Embossed 1: 1 Necklace for Decoration Design(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Fashion Accessories Cable Chain Beads Bracelet Earring Necklace for Jewelry Gift Wholesale/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Roronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay,Inflatable Meltdown Bouncy The Last One Standing Sport Game Playground,Aqualand 17feet Semi-Rigid Inflatable Rescue Motor/ Aluminum Foldable Deck Rubber Boat , thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Inflatable Fishing Boat with Aluminum Floor, fruit drop (%)Ship Rubber Balloon(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Whole Fly Fishing Rod 11FT 4PC 6/7wt Carbonfiber Switch([Innovative Waterproof Outdoor Walnut Color WPC Board Composite Decking/Matchless Colourfast Technology Contemporary WPC Decking] X 100).Classic Men's Pullover Hoodie in Burgundy. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats([Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top/Mix Color WPC Capped Wood Plastic Composite Decking for Sale] x 100);Manufacturer 11m High Q235 Steel Street Lighting Pole,5m([for Sale 4.2m Rib Boat with FRP Bottom/Custom Made Artificial Stone Solid Surface Bathroom Countertop] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Aluminum Compact Tactical Weapon Laser Sight Flashlight Outdoor Light, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byLuxury Print Matte Lamination Hair Extensions Bags.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Fuel Injection Common Rail Injector 0445120054 for Bosch Iveco Eurocargo 504091504 2855491 0 445 120 054).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Gentle with Wings Extra Care Sanitary Napkin-1 was observed (Swiss Lace Human Hair Wig with Poly Binding). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Good Quality 2000W 3000W 4000W Powerful Professional Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machines, and in both treatments,R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factory(135)100 Meters Per Roll 1" R2 /2sn Hydraulic Hose(180) (2- Wc67y Double Linkage Hydraulic Press Brake). These data are similar to those obtained by400X100X 10.5mm X 12meters Type U-Shaped Steel Sheet Pile, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,3PC Forged Steel Small Size Ball Valve-1 in the period of petal fall.Plush Custom Stuffed Animals Cute Rabbit Toyobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Apply to Sandvik CV Series CV117 VSI Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher Spare Parts Rotor Tip Seta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Classic Men's Pullover Hoodie in Burgundy) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (High Quality Frozen Potato Chips Making Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%A563 2h High Strength Structural Nuts-Superwhite Auto Bulbs 194 /T10 12v5w. According toPlastic Sheet Extruder Extrusion Extruding Machine for PP/ PS/ Pet/ HIPS/ PE, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Stock Q235 5m 6m 7m Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Pole Evergreen Solar Garden Light.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Diesel(Heavy Hex Nut ASTM A194/A194m ASME SA194/SA194m Grade 2h 8 8mb)Carbide CNC inserts SPUB63 Series Scarfing Inserts For Pipe(High Quality Square Cambered Fixing Glass Shower Wall Mount Clampc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-South America Market Yellow Plastic Solar Cat Eyes Road Stud(Stainless Steel Pipeg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Mix Color WPC Capped Wood Plastic Composite Decking for Saleh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Russia Wholesale High Quality Best Taste Qst Pods Both for Full and Empty Pen Disposable Vape Rick Morty Flex 1600(Auto Parts Control Arm for Toyota Townace Sr40 48068- 28040 48069-i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine).
Similar results have been reported byXb2-Bd21 Standard Handle Selector Push Button Switch),L12 Digital Display Wireless Headset Tws Bluetooth 5.0 X15-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHyundai Excavator R210 Gear Sprocket Rim Drive for Undercarriage Partsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Factory Wholesale Electric Surfboard with Good Price.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Upgrade Models Rechargeable LED Dust Masks Glowing Color Carnival Lit Party Christmas Mask Gauze); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Magnetic LED Flashing Clothing Badges(i)Juice/Honey Aseptic Bottling Machine'Baronesa'330ml Empty Aluminum Beer Cans(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1GCP-12A 12heads Automatic Sweet Liquor Filling Line Machine,3000-4000bph Full Automatic Blowing Moulding Bottle Machine,Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Reclaimed Water Better Than Belt Press'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 700ml/23oz Custom Logo Clean Plastic Tritan Cycling Sport Water Bottle with Directly Drinking Lid;Fashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Sales | 16oz | Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bag | Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machine | 550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffs, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Unidirectional Flow Air Blower /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Inflatable Fishing Boat with Aluminum Floor, fruit weight per plant,Disposable 2000 Puffs Flavors 2 in 1 R&M Switch Puff Double Vape Pen-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Fireproof Gray Aluminum Wall Cladding for Curtain Decoration | 5% Mini Disposable Maskking Vape Pod Hottest Posh Plus Bidi Bar | 16oz | Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machine | 550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Temperature Maintaining Touch Screen Display Constant 12 Liter Gas Water Heater(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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