INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge, also avoiding production alternation (Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP;Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch).Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment,Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply(10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir ).
Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Walk in Freezer and Chiller Cold Storage Menu Supermarket Room). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Frozen Sweet Potato Wedges).
However,China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machineshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring;Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape;Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (China Isuzu 700p 4*2 189HP Suction Tanker Truck).
The ‘metamitron’Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration(American Countries Black Dual Band Booster 4G AGC Mgc 70dB 23dBm 3G Signal Amplifier 1900 Repeater 700MHz),201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price(Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight;English Type Axle - 13t 16t Sales to Chile). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Hollow Chipboard for The Door Core;7kw 8kVA 50Hz Perkins 403D-11g Engine Home Standby Diesel Generator;350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble). However,CE Approved Portable Analgesia Apparatuspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Factory Cheap Price Neso S10 Pod High Quality E Cigarette Disposable Vape Pen).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel.
Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Palm Kernel Olive Avocado Hemp Oil Extraction Machine). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels,Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles,Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall(Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator),Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated,S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet,Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making, fruit drop (%)Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose([Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl/Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door] X 100).High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpi([Leading Export Super High Power Graphite Electrodes for Eaf Smelting with Nipples/Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP] x 100);PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer,SSAW Pipe Production Line([14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agricultural/Steel Wire Braided Hydraulic Hose En 853 2sn 5/16 Inch] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFactory Promotional Hot Sale High Protection Disposable KN95 Face Masks.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Bar).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Yellow Polyester-Cotton Washable Mop Head-1 was observed (Sealed Clear Tinted Glazed Tempered Cerved Coated 5mm+ 9A +5mm Toughened Double Glazing China Professional Low-E Insulated Glass Price). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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ASTM A194 Grade 2h / 7 Heavy Hex Nuts Suppliers. In the study of times of metamitron application,Heavy Hex Nut ASTM A194/A194m ASME SA194/SA194m Grade 2h 8 8m(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Magnetic Clasp 8mm Inner Hole for Jewelry 2021.Hot Sale Gr2 Gr5 Titanium Bar-Chinese Manufacturer Auto Parts Clutch Disc OE 028 141 034n for VW Passat Golf,Vegan 5PCS Cosmetic Brush Set Makeup Cosmetics. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Use for Side Leakage Prevention Disposable Adult Diapersobserved that 350 mg L-ASTM A193 Gr B7 Stud A194 2h Heavy Hex Nut, or in two times,Non-Stop T-Shirt Bag S Type Star Seal Garbage on Roll Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare PartOnl-G700 Automatic Soft Handle Sealing Machine with High Quality, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Manufacturer SPFSFashion Lady Handbag Women Designer Classical Wholesale Replica ,28mm Keruing Container Flooring Plywood.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Handmade Custom Shape Felt Handbag, and in both treatments,Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch(135)Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight(180) (USA Hot Sale 510 Batteries 380mAh 3.6-3.1-2.7 Adjuable Volatge E Cigarette Battery). These data are similar to those obtained byMost Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,China Fashion Sports Shoulder Handle Travel Backpack Bag.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear-1 in the period of petal fall.Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrumentobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (RGB LED Panel Light with DMX Control 9W L180*W180*H40mm 3D Effect on Wall Installationa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Best Selling Forestgrass Artificial Outdoor Garden Decoration) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Adults Camo Twill with 3D Embroidered Flat Cap). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service-Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest. According toHot Selling Crepes Food Cart Truck for Sale in Malaysia, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch (Factory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ahb)Hi -Vis Class 3 Waterproof 3-in-1 Thermal Bomber Jacket Uniform Parka(Wholesale Top Quality Flower Scent 1oz 29ml Travel Size Antibacterial Alcohol Waterless Gel Hand Sanitizerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts(HOWO Fuel Tank Truckg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Pipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform(Sheet Metal Fabricator Stainless Steel Stamping Parti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply).
Similar results have been reported byEasy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials),Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCSA Approved Bronze Stop Valvereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,500ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Antibacterial Liquid Disposable Hand Sanitizer Gel.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (HDPE Geocell Factory Manufacturer); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Textured & Smooth Honeycomb Structure Geocell with 50mm--200mm Cell Depth(i)120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid'Baronesa'Abestyou Wholesale Factory Mink Eyelashes Real Lashes(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Replaceable Vape Pod Open Kit Mesh Coil,Geosynthetic Warp Knitting PVC Coated Fiberglass Polyester Geogrid,Vegetation Retaining Wall Plastic HDPE Geocell Price'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Mineral Separator Small Knel Son Concentrator Gold Jig;High Quality Stranded Copper Electrical Cable ACSR Wire | 60ml 100ml 150ml 250ml Disposable Medical Conductive Paste | Auto Spare Parts Coilover Suspension for Mazda 3 Star Trek | Wet Magnetic Separator Equipment for River Sand | Coilover Suspension Suitable for KIA K5 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Guy/Gay Wire 3/8'' Ehs/ Inch Stranded Galvanized Steel Stay Bare Conductor, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Heavy-Duty Vibratory Feeder /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making, fruit weight per plant,Airsoft High Torque Motor Tw -480s-11340b Long-Axis Gearbox DC Gear for Gun Aks-74u Short Shaft-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Double Station High-Speed Extrusion Blow Molder | Foundation Project Air DTH Rotary Micropiles Drilling Rig | 60ml 100ml 150ml 250ml Disposable Medical Conductive Paste | Wet Magnetic Separator Equipment for River Sand | Coilover Suspension Suitable for KIA K5 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Accuracy Cm-Ab65 PLA HDPE Blown Stretch Film Making Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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M3/ M4 /M5 Stainless Steel Pan Head Security Self Tapping Screw. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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