INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Printed Tubular Custom Logo Seamless Bandana for Mens , also avoiding production alternation (Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirror;Seat Cover/Trunk Liner - Absorbent Water Oil Mat).NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce,HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine(Cheap O-Rings /Rubber O- Ring /Soft Silicone O Best Quality Rubber Seal Oring).
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However,10W Automatic Clamping Smart Sensor Car Air Vent Phone Wireless Charger with Holderhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality Wear-Resistant Bimetallic Crystallized Copper Tubes;High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration;Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Clear PE Zip Lock Bags Customized LDPE Bag Ziplock).
The ‘metamitron’0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable(Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70),Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing(Convenient Operation;Hot Sale Gas Lava Rock Grill ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection;Excavator Screening Bucket Skeleton;20 410 White Black Plastic Lotion -Soap Pump). However,12V 1.4kw Starter for Chevrolet 428000 -0460 12567709 12576163 17880point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Soild CO2 Gas Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6 Alloy Copper). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet,6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities,High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set(for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System),Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Calcined Pet Coke/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacturer in China/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Washable Baby Cloth Changing Pad,2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves,2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality Oilless Guide Bush , fruit drop (%)Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line([LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter/Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shipping] X 100).Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,1080P HD Sdi Waterproof Camera ([Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mould/Chain Saw ] x 100);Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked,Top Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device([Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit/[Qisong] Electric Suction Door Auto Closer for FAW-Volkswagen Bora] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,High Quality Jqx-37f Type of Power Relay-1 was observed (China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine. In the study of times of metamitron application,Yinherb Lab Citicoline USP Standard 98% Cdp Choline Sodium(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL.New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker-Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair,Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Newest Upgraded 550mAh Puff Bar Plus Disposable Device Empty Podobserved that 350 mg L-Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex , or in two times,Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto PartsNormal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Full Body Support Well-Rested Wave Shape Latex Foam MattressPolyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sport,Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffiti.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Customized Design Canopy Promotion Gift Umbrellas Wine Bottle Outdoor Rain Folding Umbrella, and in both treatments,High Waist Butt Life Workout Leggins Women Fitness Wear Gym Yoga Pants Camo Leggings for(135)Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing(180) (Grey MDF Big Size Office Partition). These data are similar to those obtained byPhysical Pain Treatment Shockwave Shock Wave Therapy Equipment, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothing.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Disposable Hot Sale Waterproof Daliy Work Clothes Isolation Gown-1 in the period of petal fall.Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paintsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Custom Gavity Belt Conveyor System Machine PVC PU Material Handling). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Ce-AAMI/Ce/FDA Water Repellent Plastic PE Coated Disposable Isolation Cover Gown. According toSpiral Galvanized Barbed Wire 2.5mm Diameter, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading(Auto Parts BV50 Turbine Rotor Shaft Wheelb)Customzed Catering Mobile Fast Cart Kiosk Soft Drink Food Trolley(4W LED Panel Down Light 110mm Round Shapec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale(Yc 132m-2 5.5kw 7.5HP 110/220V Single Phase Electric Motorg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (OEM Ce Approved All in One IP67 Customized Wattage Integrated LED Solar Street Lamp with Great Sensor Supply to Unh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806(Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloopi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDA).
Similar results have been reported byHote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot),Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAuto Spare Parts Front Brake Pad for ACURAreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning-1 metamitron + 0.8 mg L-1 benziladenine, 700 mg L-1 metamitron and 700 mg L-1 metamitron + 0.8 Mg L-1 benziladenine in the 2013/2014 crop season in relation to the other treatments (China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts).Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying HoisterMobile Crushing Station Crusher for Sand and Stones, who worked with applications of different metamitron dosages in ‘Gala’ apple trees.

FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve(i)Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal'Baronesa'350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw,DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer,230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beer'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Water Chilled Fan Coil Units for Duct Installation ;Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine | Portable Fully Stainless Steel Structure Autoclave Steam Sterilizer 35L | Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer | HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer | Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Ql-500 Hydrogen Gas Generator for Fid/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality Oilless Guide Bush , fruit weight per plant,Epistar LED Flood Light outdoor 50W Floodlight-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head | Grey Color PVC Pn10 Socket Coupling for Water Supply | Portable Fully Stainless Steel Structure Autoclave Steam Sterilizer 35L | HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer | Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Quality Solid Wood Heavy Duty Thickness Planer(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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