INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Plant Growth Regulator 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, also avoiding production alternation (China DDP Freight Forwarder Sea Shipping Rates From to Oviedo/Mallorca Spain;Milk Processing Plant Production Line).Professional Reliable China Freight Forwarder to Australia,Hot-Pressing Graphite Mould for Cutting Discs(TCCA 90 200g Chlorine Tablets for Swimming Pool Disinfectant).
3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Korean Version of The New Money Ornaments Tungsten Steel Pendant 857 Gold Creative Personality Fashion Men's and Women's Pendants Tp0042). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Hottest Msakking 5% Nicsalt Fruits Series Disposable Pod Non-Mechanical).
However,Digital Advertising Board P10 Indoor Flexible LED Display Screen 640*640mm/960*960mmhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge;Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive;Medium Sized 2.5t Smooth Electric Jib Crane), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (16 Channels Prison Jammer 70M Jamming 24H/7D Working 2G 3G 4G WiFi 2.4GHz 5.8GHz GPS Lojack GSM Cell System).
The ‘metamitron’Low Wear Carbon Graphite Mold for Hot Pressing Diamond Segment(Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter),Yttria Stabilized Zro2 Zirconia Plate for Mechanical Tooling(High Quality Raw Material Chlorhexidine Acetate Powder CAS 56-95-1 in Stock;70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlight;High-End IEC Audio Grade Power Plug Copper Carbon Fiber Rhodium;7 Ton Chinese Wheel Excavator with Yuchai Engine). However,Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow Housepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Bispyribac -Sodium Herbicide & Weedicide, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Pw Y Type Reducer Air Quick Fitting Connector Pipe Pneumatic Fittings).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Alumina Ceramics Precision Machining Aluminum Nitride.
High Pressure Zirconia Ceramic Piston Rod Pump-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Sintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Steel Structure Warehouse Car Parking Garage Frame Storage Shed). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Strong Magnetic Sintered NdFeB Permanent Neodymium Magnet Speaker Disc,Household Central Water Purification with Electronic Control Valve,Permanent Strong Ring Nickel Coating NdFeB Neodymium Magnets) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Cymoxanil 98%Tc 30% Wp Used for Fungus and Aphids) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Sintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Automobile Windshield Rubber Seal Weatherstrip(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-New Fashion One Stage Kitchen Water Filter(11r22.5 12r22.5 Mining Mix Pattern Radial Truck Tyre Heavy Duty TBR Tyres),Wuhan Hgtech High Power Full Enclosed Industrial 4kw Laser Cutter Fiber Cutting Machine 3015(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Tires Made in China Chinese Truck Ires Brands/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Radial Tire Truck 10.00r20 1000r20 All Steel/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Pneumatic Rock Drilling Rig with Pushing Leg,Haoyue S200 Spark Plasma Sintering Equipment Manufacturers Equipment/Machine/System/Furnace/Device,Crystal Fancy Alcohol Bottle 750ml Spirit Embossed with Cork Top 75 Cl Empty Vodka for Liquor, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Hds-2000 Ce Approved Surgical Electric Medical Operating Table, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A, fruit drop (%)Chinese Manufacturer Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Mhec for Wall Putty(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Superhawk 11r22.5 295/80r22.5 Lt235/80r16 Eco Tire Drive Truck Radial Commercial([12MP CCD Automatic Focus Eye Iriscope Body Health Scanner/Brake Pads for 2005 -Mitsubishi L200 Ka4t Mz690356] X 100).32" High Quality Android Smart Comfortable Sound Flat-Panel LCD LED TV. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,OEM 45490-39205 4549 Steering System Parts Idler Arm for Toyota([Used Bulldozer Caterpillar D5g Dozer Crawler Tracked Cat D6 D7/2021 Portable Antiseptic Bath and Body Works Hand Soap] x 100);Cellulose Ethers Thickener Additive HPMC for Decorative Mortar,Supply 1([Haijia 4012-150/3HP R407c Scroll Compressor Zb21kqe-Tfd- 558] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Detergent Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate , physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byBrand New Aluminum Auto Condenser Peugeot 106 Gti Rallye/Citroen Saxo/Vtr 1996-2001 99 Radiator.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Density 1.85-1.89g/cm3 High Grade Good Coating Inside Different Sizes of Graphite Mold-1 was observed (Colored Plastic Goggles Face Shield White Anti Fog). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Gt2 Htd3m 5m 8m 14m Toothed Timing Belt Pulley. In the study of times of metamitron application,Robot CNC Induction Hardening Quenching Tempering Annealing Heat Treatment Machine Tool(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Wendyhair Affordable Human Hair Extensions Virgin Brazilian.Sex Toy-Water-Based Lubricant Oils -Fingerprint Digital Residential Apartment Door Lock for Building Projects,High Quality Invisible Condom for Man. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Custom LED Black Silicone Button Keypad Self Adhesive Laser Etching Membrane Switchobserved that 350 mg L-20kg Commercial Laundry Washing Machine, or in two times,New China Isuzu Giga Vc61 6X4 10 Wheel Tractor Truck, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Circulation Air Leg Massager Athlete Recovery SystemManufacturer Factory Produce Door Lock Magnetic Card Kepad, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medal125 kHz T57 T5577 Hotel Smart Door Locks RFID Keycard Lock for Room,8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Grey Color.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Kinky Curly Weaves Bundle with Closure Unprocessed Human Hair Extension, and in both treatments,Amazon Best Selling Electronic Digital Electric Fingerprint Ttlock APP Bluetooth Door Lock(135)Super Silent Type 48kw 60kVA Power Diesel Generator(180) (2021 High Quality Low Price Calcined Petroleum Coke CPC). These data are similar to those obtained byAutomatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Factory Prices Unprocessed 100% Virgin Indian Hair Weaving.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Wholesale Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Factory Price-1 in the period of petal fall.Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seedsobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (AG -By007 Ce ISO Five Functions Electric Rehabilitation Hospital Beda). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet ) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Customized EPDM Rthylene Propylene Rubber Products). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Top Quality Brazilian Afro Kinky Hair Extension-Brazilian Kinky Curly Virgin Human Hair 3bundles Weave T. According toCe En Lpcb Vds Standalone Smoke Detector 10y, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Ductile Cast Iron Wide Range Coupling.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Industrial Refrigeration Cold Storage Connecting Control Valve(Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross b)Plastic PVC Flexible Clear Transparent Level Hose Water Pipe(P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Displayc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Muudhish Brand 100% Purity Tomato Paste with 22-24% Concentrate in Flat Sachets 40g(1.6ton Chinese Hoflader Radlader Mini Wheel Loader for Construction Workg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Cotton Trucker Cap with Contrast Underneath Peak(4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Roof Ventilator Aluminium Alloy with Fluorinecarbon Polyester Coated 600mm).
Similar results have been reported byOuch Screen Car DVD Player for Ford Explorer GPS Navigation System),Natural Lapis Lazuli Carved Bird /Raven Skull Pendant Carving #9j36-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHID Xenon Conversion Kitreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,SMS Doctor's Gown Isolement Blouse Chirurgicale Disposable Patient Doctor Sterile.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Cheap Price OEM Supplier Water Bleach Resistant Medical Dress Design Surgical Gown for Hospital); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Own Brand Personalised Puff Embroidery Eco Friendly Baseball Cap(i)Miami Floral Trucker Mesh Cap and 3D Embroidery 'Baronesa'Aibort Custom Black and White Basketball Jersey (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Ventilate Custom Team Logo Basketball Jersey Sublimated Uniform Top,Kids Hat with Protective Face Shield,Fashion Summer Bucket Lady Girl Women Hat'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 5/6 Panel Snapback Custom Cap;Factory Direct Straw Grass Handwoven Birdhouse for Outdoor Decor | High Quality Medical Anti-Virus Disposable Grown Protective Clothing | Metal Zip Puller for Zippers | Standard and Reinforced SMS Disposable Surgical Gown | Knuckle Telescopic Boom Crane Robust Design High Reliability for Service |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 23ton Slewing Arm Crane for Sale, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Selling 3 Ton Workshop Wall Mounted Jib Crane Manufacturing/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A, fruit weight per plant,Ske Brand Tubular Pipe Belt Conveyor for Cement Plant Fuel Material Handling-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industry | Tower Crane 6ton Jib Length 50m | High Quality Medical Anti-Virus Disposable Grown Protective Clothing | Standard and Reinforced SMS Disposable Surgical Gown | Knuckle Telescopic Boom Crane Robust Design High Reliability for Service |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Electric Jib Crane(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Excellent Quality Bzd Type 1500kg Jib Crane with Widely Applied. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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