INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator, also avoiding production alternation (Medical Gift Prommtion Otoscope ;Distributor High Precision Tapered Roller Bearing 30206 30202 30205 30208 32210 3221230210 with Competitive Price).Tungsten Copper Alloy Plate,Cable Trunking Tray Suit for 45type Sockets(Factory Price Doosan Excavator Slewing Bearing).
Quick Start 12V55W Xenon Kit, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Ultra -Low Temperature Strong Cooling Glycol Small Water Chiller for Food). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Wholesales 18mm Child Resistant Cap Glass Dropper).
However,Signal SPD ZGXL-1J-5 highlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Sanitary Stainless Steel High Pressure Clamp Pipe Fitting Hygienic;Fully Automatic Down Filling Pillow Weight Setting Fiberfill Machine;White Powder Competitive Price SLS CAS 151-21-3 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Nuts Automatic Multihead Weigher Rx-10A-1600s).
The ‘metamitron’Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips(Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats),Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask(Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco ;Fol13b Tij2.5 Fast Dry Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 B3f58A 2590). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Wireless Remote Control Duplicator Yet2110 for Barrier Gate /Shutter Door;Best Price Stainless Steel Pump Rotor Cream Transfer Pumps;1.6m Roland Ra640 Inkjet Plotter Printing Machine). However,1.5f 5.5V Farad Capacitor for Smart Meterpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Discharge Rate 24V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery for Energy Storage System).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Wholesale Cheap Decorative Garden Flag with Metal Stand Customized Waving Country or Company Logo Printing Polyester Table Flag.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Source Factory AC Vibrator Motor Used for Vibrating Screen Machines-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Computer Control Plastic T-Shirt Bag and Flat Making Machine). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Ce and CCC Totally Enclosed Wide Frequency 30~ 60 Hz / 40~70Hz AC 3 Phase Induction Motor for Pump Fan Gearbox Reducer Compressor Cement Mixer,HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1,Ce Certificated TIG Welding Wire ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Source Factory AC Vibrator Motor Used for Vibrating Screen Machines-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Low Price EPS PS Foam Thermocol Tray Bowl Plate Absorbent Making Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross (Smls Bw as A234 Wp91 Dims to ASME B16.9 24in Sch80 X 10in Redu Tee),Heat Retaining Lobe Pump for High Viscosity Syrup Industry(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Excavator Parts Cat E312D2 Air-Conditioning Compressor 372-9493/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Stainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids,Rotary Lobe Pump Positive Displacement for Chocolate Paste,Auto Spare Part Radiator Cooling Fan with Shroud Assembly Engine Parts 600W 2035001693 for W203 C209 Mercedes Benz, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Brazed Cooling Auto Radiator for Honda City/ Fit 03 19010pwae01, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower, fruit drop (%)Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Kitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for([Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket/Hanmix off-The-Road Radial OTR Tire on Articulated Dumper Rigid Loader Grader Dozer E3 L3 E3/L3 E4 E4/ L4 L5 L5s] X 100).5ml Injection Bottle Medicinal Glass Vial. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ([Y81f-250A Hydraulic Metal Baler Press Machine/Free Sample 3.5g Red Color Plastic Lady Lipstick Packing Lip Balm Tube] x 100);Wholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts,Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S([for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser/OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Industrial Refrigeration Cold Storage Connecting Control Valve).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,145*21mm Wholesale Good Price Synthetic WPC Decking Highly UV Resistant-1 was observed (Hot Sale Pn16 Ci Iron Dual Plate Wafer Type Check Valve). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-High Quality 12/24 Core Fig8 Self-Support Aerial G652D Fiber Armour Optical Cable , and in both treatments,Xpon Ont Remotely RF Signal on/off(135)Rolled Edge Cylinder Glass Lampshade for Chandelier Lamp(180) (307# 83mm Round Easy Open End Food Can Lid). These data are similar to those obtained by3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airport, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Manufacturer Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Direct Sale Tws Wireless.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemask-1 in the period of petal fall.Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618ncobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processinga). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Customized ISO 18000 -6c UHF 860-960MHz Alien H3 RFID Wet/Dry Inlay) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (125kHz Powered Access Door Keeper Stand Alone Controller). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Disposable Surgical Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia Puncture Kit/Disposable Lumbar Mslapk-Lunch Bag . According to150watt Dimmable HPS Ballasts for Street Lighting, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,High Density and Strength WPC Decking Plastic Clips.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Fashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica (808nm Diode Laser Hair Removal Beauty Equipmentg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm(Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hli).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (American Countries Black Dual Band Booster 4G AGC Mgc 70dB 23dBm 3G Signal Amplifier 1900 Repeater 700MHz).
Similar results have been reported byProfessional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight),Luxury Marble Dial Stainless Steel Watch Genuine Leather Band Classic Wrist for Men and Women-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCustom Attractive High Quality Dice Set Color Casino Game Mini Dnd Polyhedralreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitor.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (5.1 Home Theater ); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Glass Cream Jar 20g(i)High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder'Baronesa'Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Professional Crystal Microdermabrasion Beauty Machine ,SPCC DC01 DC02 DC03 DC04 JIS G 3141 Prime Soft Hard 1020 Cold Rolled Steel Coil,Coleus Forskohlii Extract Plectranthus Barbatus'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract;Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil | 5% Flavones | Reliable Factory Supply Wheat Grass Powder Bulk Organic Juice | Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine | Power Tiller Mini Tracotr Farm Agriclutural Machinery Tractor |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Colored High Elastic Compression Bandages, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Medical Orthopaedic Pop Bandage/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower, fruit weight per plant,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Anti-Friction Ballscrew with Accurancy C7 | Carved Metal Panel | 5% Flavones | Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine | Power Tiller Mini Tracotr Farm Agriclutural Machinery Tractor |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Aluminium Shutters Between Double Hollow Glass Electronic Control for Shading or Partition(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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