INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Y81f- 160A Turn out Metal Baler Hydraulic Baling Press /Hydraulic Machine Scrap, also avoiding production alternation (Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister;Customizable Manufacturer Ce Jl 4000W Adult Four Wheel Electric Car).Custom Design Gold Plating Zinc Alloy Metal 3D Airplane Badge,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Badges (Office Fashion Design Execution Table ).
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However,8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayerhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Tecon Scaffolding Q235 Steel British Type Double Coupler;Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment;Single Arm for Endoscopy Medical Pendant), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Retro Style Burning Black Wooden Box/Two Boxes Per Set with Different Sizes).
The ‘metamitron’Promotional Zinc Alloy Metal Medal government Badge Lapel Pin (Glossy Varnishing Corrugated Folded Box),Fashion Plastic Artificial Palm Plants for Decoration Small Tree(High Quality Low Consumption Snack Food Making Line;Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Children;CCC ISO Certificate Factory Supply Rear Dump Truck Semi Trailer Hydraulic Jacking Tipping;900mm Knock Down Storage Cabinet with 2 Shelf). However,Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Unique Furniture, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (4 Tons Ice Block Making Machine/Ice Plant).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,UL5107 High Voltage Temperature Resistance Heating Wire.
Luxury Executive Commercial Leather Office Chair -bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Use Lh228800 RTV-2 Silicone Rubber to Create Special Effects & Props). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,4K UHD FHD IPTV 8000+ Live 10000+ VOD UK USA Canada Spain Best in Dutch Reseller Panel Xxx M3u Hungary France Portugal Channels List,Round 3mm Pink Cubic Zirconia From Wuzhou Factory,N35 Customized Strong Permanent Irregular NdFeB Magnet with Different Shapes) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Wood Grain Drop Stitch Material Inflatable Sup Stand up Paddle Board) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Life Size Grey Granite Virgin Mary Holding Baby Jesus Sculpture(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Customizable Natural Stone Animal Sculpture for Garden Landscape(10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir ),3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Blasting Drilling Rig 115mm for Borehole/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)American Style Home Living Room Sofa Furniture Hotel Corner Sofas,Hot Sale Modern Office Furniture Cheap Fabric Ergonomic Chair,Air Tank Water Trap Pressure Switch 480 Compressor for Suspension, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Friendly Funny Cat Toys Turntable Balls Rolling Interactive Pet Toy, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Office Custom Furniture Genuine Leather Living Room Sofa Set with Tea Table, fruit drop (%)Blue Ear Loop 3 Ply Non-Woven Dust Protective Disposable Medical/Civil Mask for Face(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Al-Zinc 40-180G/M2 Alu HRC CRC PPGI Gi Gl Coil Pattern PPGL Galvanizned Steel([L7e Approved Logistic Delivery Electric Vehicle/China Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCR] X 100).4X4 SUV Tire Lt235 /85r16 Lt245/75r16 Lt265/75r16 Lt285/75r16. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Compasal([Cak6136c CNC High Precision Gear Lathe/Automatic Divider of Dough Industrial Bread Hydraulic Cutter Machinery] x 100);China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machine,Smart Charging 3 Wheeler EEC Electric Scooter([Hydraulic Breaker Top Type Sb 10/En10327 2004 Customized Hot DIP/Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Hdgi/Gi in Plain/Flat/ Plate/Strip Film for Roofing Sheet/Ibr] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Aluminum Alloy Plate Tensile Strength Universal Testing Machine).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Sic Ceramic Foam Filter and Zro2-1 was observed (Random Length Smooth Teak Parquetry Flooring ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Replacement Spare Parts Sprocket for Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage. In the study of times of metamitron application,White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Pavestone.New Multi Function Motorcycle Racing Jacket Motorcross Suits with Aluminum Shoulder Armor 800310-Men Waterproof Ski Jacket Hooded Windproof Fleece Lined Padded Parka,Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectorsobserved that 350 mg L-Angelbella Soft and Best Full Lace Wig Frontal Closure, or in two times,Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Rhino 17 12000DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TC, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift,DMS-59 Male to Dual 2 DVI 24+5 Female Splitter Extension Cable for Graphics Cards & Monitor.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Large-Size Double Screw Extruder in Panko Line, and in both treatments,in Stock KN95 Masks 5ply Respirator Face Mask(135)Sundried Natural Color 24mm Twisted Manila /Sisal Firber Rope Hemp(180) (High Quality Army Green Personnalise Embroidered Blank Fleece Unisex Hoodies). These data are similar to those obtained byAAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Bonovo Super V Series V61 Bucket Teeth Tooth Tip Nail Adapter Adaptor V61-K for Excavator Digger Trackhoe.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Quality Fast Delivery in Stock KN95 Mask Anti-Dust Kn 95 Face-1 in the period of petal fall.11L-15/16 Top Trust Brand Bias Tire with F-3 Patternobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Disposable Sterilized Non-Absorbable Surgical Cassette Polyester Suture for Veterinary Usea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Experienced Latex Yoga Exercise Pull up Assist Bands China Supplier) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (High Pressure Mining Industrial Multistage Water Pump). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machine-Ht 265 /65r17 PCR Car Tire Competitive Price Top Quality China Tyre Brand. According toMotorcycle Parts Clutch Lever Fit for Cg125, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Factory OEM/ODM ABS PP PC POM PMMA Plastic Parts Fast CNC Machining for Various Auto Prototype Sample.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,High Quality Aluminum 2 Wire 3 4 White Black Adjustable LED Indoor Ceiling Track Rail Lamp for Shop(Chemical Paint Mixer Liquidb)Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration(GPS Locating 26 Inch 500W City Electric Bike with HiFi Music Bluetooth Speakerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable(25FT /7.9m Aluminum Long Endurance Motor Speed Fishing Boatg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Stainless Steel 304 Quick Coupling for Food Industryh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase(Clear Span Wedding Tent Transparent Marqueei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Custom Design Gold Plating Zinc Alloy Metal 3D Airplane Badge).
Similar results have been reported byTop Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device),Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butBody Temperature Detection Measurement and Face Recognition Thermal Camerareported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)15V800A High Power Regulated Linear Supply(i)Tp120-3s 120V 3A Digital Switch Regulated Power Supply for Factory Test Use'Baronesa'Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 12838 Brushless Electric Motor 40kw Waterproof DC Small Motors,Creative Wood Grain 304 Stainless Steel Mug Vacuum Water Cup Cute Mini Pot Belly,Outdoor Trolley Active Chargeable Wirreless Bluetooth Speaker'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Audio Cables for Use in Speaker and System;2 Gas High End Clinical Anaesthesia Machine | Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentrator | Exterior Easy Moving UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Door | High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application | Natural Rubber Tubeless Car Tyres Made in Thailand |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2New Wheels Wholesale Prices Lakesea Brand 4X4 off Road Tires 4WD Muddy Tyres on Snow/Sand/Mud/Rock Light Truck 35X12.5r17lt, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Office Custom Furniture Genuine Leather Living Room Sofa Set with Tea Table, fruit weight per plant,Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire | Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets | Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentrator | High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application | Natural Rubber Tubeless Car Tyres Made in Thailand |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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