INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Exterior Easy Moving UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Door, also avoiding production alternation (Kitchen Equipment Stainless Steel Single Gas Deck Oven;9d Vr Skydiving Simulatorcar Racing Game Machinemall Amusement).High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application,Natural Rubber Tubeless Car Tyres Made in Thailand(NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce).
New Wheels Wholesale Prices Lakesea Brand 4X4 off Road Tires 4WD Muddy Tyres on Snow/Sand/Mud/Rock Light Truck 35X12.5r17lt, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (35L Medical Oxygen Breathing Bag ). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Quadruplex 0.6/ 1kv XLPE Insulated Al Conductor Aerial Bundle Overhead ABC Cable).
However,Cheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper Stonehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to Malaysia;Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked;1000bar Ship Hull Cleaning High Pressure Water Jetting Equipment), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Cummins Engine Part Idler Gear 3038996/3026244 for L10).
The ‘metamitron’IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet(Roof Ventilation Ridge Ventilator),Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable(No Splinter Peel Garden WPC Timber Tile Patio Composite Click Decking;Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Military Army Ceramic Hard Armor Bulletproof Ballistic Plate;China Cop Cooking Oil Recycling Machine Manufacturer;Portable Slimming Machine Velashape Weight Lose for Cellulite Reduction). However,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose PAC/ CMC Powders for Oil Drilling in Chinapoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Healthy Hand Clean Self Check HCG Cassette Test Kit Device).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Industrial Grade Additive Emulsifier Polysorbate 61 Tween Poe 4 Sorbitan Monostearate Made From Plant CAS 9005-67-8 with Kosher/Halal/ISO/Rspo). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes,10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine,Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women(24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size),Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying,Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack,CNC Machinetools Center, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil, fruit drop (%)AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake([Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask/Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator] X 100).Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric([Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool/Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag] x 100);Hardware Stamping Parts by Die,24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use([Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205/Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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304 Stainless Steel Flange Price, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byPlastic Cosmetic Soft Tube for Sun Cream 20g.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Womens Flat Sandals Shiny Beads Design T-Strap Slip-on Elastic Dress Summer Beach Casual Esg13682).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer-1 was observed (Remote for Auto VW with 3 Buttons 1 Jo 959 753 Da 434MHz Europe South America). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless. In the study of times of metamitron application,Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts.Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery-High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve,The Factory Wholesale 8inch Orange Black Halloween Pumpkin Paper Jack-O'- Lantern /Lamp Lanterns with LED Lights Hang Festive Decorations. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orangeobserved that 350 mg L-Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier, or in two times,Top Manufacture Mineral Oil Purification Machine , did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Factory Sale Non-Woven Dust 3 Ply Disposable Face MaskHigh-Power Switching Power Supply 1500W24V62A DC Regulated Equipment, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for AdultAutomatic Car Washing Machine Equipment,70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine, and in both treatments,Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher(135)Factory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die(180) (Factory Price Pedestal Stone Bathroom Sink for Project). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Hardness HRC65 End Mills, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine-1 in the period of petal fall.Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Pneumatic PU Tube for Air) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Norhtestern Maple Wood Flooring for Basketball Courts). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel-Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut. According toGood Price Beautiful Gondola Supermarket Store Shelf for Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded(Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312b)Canned Food Factory Selling Good Quality(China Crane Companies Qtz63 Small Tower Cranes for Salec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk(Stainless Steel Pipe Support Th7h Holder with Silicone Liningg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glassh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks(12MP CCD Automatic Focus Eye Iriscope Body Health Scanneri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Qlf20A 20A 1200V Iron Base Diode Generator Part Bridge Rectifier).
Similar results have been reported byCar Parking Brake Switch Hand Button for VW Passat OE 3c0927225c/ 3c0927225b),Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAutomatic Small Sachet Spicy Milk Powder Packing Machinereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal(i)Smart Bracelet Series 5 T5 PRO Watch Heart Rate Blood Pressure for Ios Android Wristband'Baronesa'2021 New Coming 1.54"HD Large Color TFT Touch Screen Digital Smart Wrist Watch Pedometer Smartband Multi-Sports Mode GPS Tracker(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet,9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight,Women's Long Sleeve Casual Loose T-Shirt Dress'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Obooc 45si Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 Handheld Printer/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil, fruit weight per plant,Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls | Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food | Travel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag | Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer | Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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