INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator, also avoiding production alternation (Stainless Steel 304 Quick Coupling for Food Industry;Convenient Operation Disposable Paper Plates/Tray/Coaster Manufacturing Machine with CE).Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes,Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes(Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet).
10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Children & Kids Disposable Protective FFP2 Ear-Loop Face Mask). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Redi Lock Diamond Floor Concrete Grinding Shoe).
However,OEM Machining Part Aluminum/Stainless Steel/Copper CNC Turning Lathe Partshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Clear Span Wedding Tent Transparent Marquee;Custom Design Gold Plating Zinc Alloy Metal 3D Airplane Badge;Top Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Making Galvanized Rectangle Tube Mould).
The ‘metamitron’Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing(Android4.0 Tablet PC),HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding(Fastener/Bolt/DIN607/Carriage Bolts/Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolt/Stainless Steel/Zinc Plated/Carbon Steel/;2021 Portable Antiseptic Bath and Body Works Hand Soap). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Chinese Manufacturer Auto Parts Clutch Disc OE 028 141 034n for VW Passat Golf;Factory Direct Artificial Coconut Palm Tree;CCS Approved OEM Available Adjustable Pitch Propeller for Vessel). However,6m 30W High Power LED Intelligent Solar Street Lightspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Shantui Strong Power Cummins Engine 16.2t Sg18-3 180HP Motor Road Grader).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 Hot Sale Double Two Urn Septic Tank 1000L and 1200L). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings,Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch,Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)CNC Machinetools Center(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed(Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil),AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator,Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag, fruit drop (%)Hardware Stamping Parts by Die(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use([Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205/Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080] X 100).Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabric. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Mini Stick Shape Keychain USB Flash Drive for Laptop ([Cheap FedEx/DHL/UPS Courier Express Service From China to Niger/Giant OTR Tire /Mine Using/ Huge and Heavy Equipment Using 3300-51] x 100);White Print Sport Women T Shirt,18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker([17X9.0 Milled Rivets Wheel Rim Tuner/304 Stainless Steel Flange Price] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byInterior Decoration Gray Finished Wood Flooring Tile.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Steel Tape Armoured GYTS 12 Core Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless-1 was observed (Weave Steel Galvanized Fram Grassland Field Farm Mesh Fence). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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High-Power Switching Power Supply 1500W24V62A DC Regulated Equipment. In the study of times of metamitron application,Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets.Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine-Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher,Factory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Dryingobserved that 350 mg L-Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen, or in two times,Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,PPGI Prepainted Steel Coil with Ral Color for Roofing1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Medium-Duty Multi-Purpose Live Center D433-Ms3Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded, and in both treatments,Canned Food Factory Selling Good Quality(135)OEM Nonstandard Part Precision CNC Machining Services(180) (Fiberglass Sleeve Without Coating for Insulation). These data are similar to those obtained byWaste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Rubber Shredder Machine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,1104 Customized Alloy Aluminum ADC12 Die Casting Part/ Casted Part for Auto Industry.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk-1 in the period of petal fall.15m Outdoor Steel Scrap Builder Hook Binobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (1500kg Workshop Overhead Crane Chain Lifting Electric Hoist) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Compatible Getemed SpO2 Sensor with dB9 Connector). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine-Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate. According toGr Mold Provide Quality Mold, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Mini Camping Lantern Portable Lamp .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell(Power: 90kw Biomass Wood Pellet Machineb)Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks(Outdoor Waterproof 30W LED Pendant Tube Lighting for Car Garagec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Fire Alarm Control System Panel(Br-3800-3 High-Speed Chain Stitch Sewing Machineg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Useter Luffing Tower Crane Jl66-5h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System(SMS Doctor's Gown Isolement Blouse Chirurgicale Disposable Patient Doctor Sterilei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Woodworking CNC Machine Atc Spindle Motors ).
Similar results have been reported bySteel Door Embossing Hydraulic Press Machine with Servo System),Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChinaera UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Drainage Fittings Dwv Elbow for Drainage Pipereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Sm Product Inflatable Sex Pillow Sofa Adult Toys Sexy Chair for Couples Toy); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Travel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag(i)Custom Logo Youth Basketball Socks Elite Athletic Outdoor Sports'Baronesa'Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp,Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light,Obooc 45si Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 Handheld Printer'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light;Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls | Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food | Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3 | 100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple | 150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag, fruit weight per plant,Teriyaki Sauce -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Jarrow Formulas | Frozen Carrot Slice | Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food | 100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple | 150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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