INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Portable Eight Antenna Jammer for All 2g/3G/4G Cellphone, also avoiding production alternation (9.7 Inch Android Quad Core Tablet PC with Built-in 3G and HDMI Input;Hot Sale PU Plastic Road Speed Bumper Hump).Fully Automatic Transformer Oil Purifier for Dissolved Gas Removing,Professional OEM Manufacturer LiFePO4 Battery Solar Cell 3.2V 10ah 30ah 50ah 60ah 100ah 110ah(House Designs Prefabricated Two Bedroom K Type Heat Proof Fabricated Homes).
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However,Customized Design Wholesale 925 Sterling Silver Ringhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Jewelry Cheap Wholesale Pearl Brooches with Bowknot Shaped;96mm Holes Curve Plastic Handle;Floor Trap ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Small Food Factory Use Mini Manual French Fries Potato Chip Making Machine).
The ‘metamitron’Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618nc(Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce),Floor Standing Hotel Office Ionic Air Purifier with Quality Sensor(White Color Plastic French Casement Window Ropo1563;Luxury Print Matte Lamination Hair Extensions Bags). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Fuel Injection Common Rail Injector 0445120054 for Bosch Iveco Eurocargo 504091504 2855491 0 445 120 054;Mariosolar Perc Module 475W 480W 485W 490W 495W 500W Solar Panel 156 Cell High Efficiency Renewable Energy Monocrystalline;Factory Wholesale Corporation Employee Facet Award Presentation Retirement Sales Star Congratulation Performance Crystal Soccer Football Sport Trophy). However,Swiss Lace Human Hair Wig with Poly Bindingpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Compatible HP 62XL C2p04an C2p05an C2p06an C2p07an High Capacity Ink Cartridge for Officejet 5740 5742 5744 5745 5746, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Diesel Engine Tricycles for Sale Suitable Gold Mine).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,New Product HEPA Air Purifier for Removes Dust and Cigarette Smoke.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Long Range New Straddle 2 Wheels Bikes Electric Motorcycle-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Pop-up Drainer). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Copier Toner Cartridge C-Exv49 Npg67 Gpr53 for Canon Printer Consumable,Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifier,Home Appliance Air Purifier HEPA+UV+Anion+Carbon 5 Layers) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Backnature New Negative Ion Air Cleaner Purifiers Ionizer Desktop Mini Portable Anion Personal Purifier) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Long Range New Straddle 2 Wheels Bikes Electric Motorcycle-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Fine Dinnerware Tableware Porcelain Sets12PCS Pad Printing for Wholesale with Discount Price(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-SS316 HDG Metal Ladder Cable Tray(Aluminium Frame Deep Pleat Box HEPA Filter),Reddit Best Target Dyson Air Purifier for Laboratory Clean Room(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fan/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Spiral Lucky Bamboo 30cm-100cm Indoor Plant Flower Fengshui Bonsai Dracaena Sanderiana Evergreen/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Stainless Steel Bowl Cutter Chopper Machine for Meat/Fruit/Vegetable/ Surimi/Cheese/Tofu/Pet Food,CAMC 618da3611002A Components Crankshaft Position Sensor,CAMC 618DA1006002A Camshaft Spare Patrs for Truck with Low Price, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Electronic Safe Box, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),430HP Mine Dump Truck, fruit drop (%)Shacman H3000 3 Axle Heavy Duty Truck Dump Tipper Dumper(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Party Event Tray Serving Food([Fashion Black White Kitchen Ceramic Salt Pepper Set with Tray/MDF Hot Sell Executive Office Desk] X 100).2021 Eco Friendly Bamboo Fiber Tabletop Dinnerware Serving Tray. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,VAGULA Silver Plated Black Painting Round Cufflinks 695([Customize Pineapple Wooden Key Hook Rack for Wholesale W09b103b/OEM Kitchen Shelf Adjustable Stainless Steel Dish Drying Rack] x 100);Factory Direct Sales Price Free Design and Artwork Professional Iron on Embroidery Patches Patch Animal,Biodegradable Tableware Disposable PLA Trays for Fruit([Aibort Sublimation Printing Plain Maroon Soccer Shorts /Aibort Popular Custom Sublimation Breathable Printed Cycling Jersey ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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EDC Aluminium Alloy Anti Stress Release Metal Toys Hand Fidget Spinner, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byHot Sale Star Design Silver with CZ Open Ring.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (China Made Pastry Fried Food Weighing Packing System Jy-420A).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Bronze Metal Fingertip Spinner-1 was observed (Plush Custom Stuffed Animals Cute Rabbit Toy). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Customized Sound Birthday Card Music Greeting Gift, and in both treatments,7 Inch Digital Panel Picture Frame Support SD Card (135)AM CB Radio (180) (CNC Laser Wood Cutting Machine). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Quality Square Cambered Fixing Glass Shower Wall Mount Clamp, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Fashion Design 5.0 Inch Video Postcard Greeting Cards.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,5W Long Range Security Equipment FCC UHF400-480MHz Handheld Transceiver Radio HD-3107g-1 in the period of petal fall.Oil Free Elevator Guide Shoe observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Mix Color WPC Capped Wood Plastic Composite Decking for Salea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (KCMCO- KCT -680 8mm Hifh-speed CNC Spring Coiler) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Mesotherapy Ez Negative Pressure Injection Injector Gun Meso). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%GSM 1900 Signal Repeater -23dBm Dcs 1800MHz Signal Booster /Repeaters /GSM Repeater . According toBtpb Plate Type Magnetic Machine/Magnetic Separator for Processing Wet Iron Ore, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Hot Sale New Design Christmas Greeting Card.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Imee Peacock Three-Dimensional Creative Postcard Greeting Card for Friends and Colleagues(18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitorb)American Countries Black Dual Band Booster 4G AGC Mgc 70dB 23dBm 3G Signal Amplifier 1900 Repeater 700MHz(230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Notification Telephone Number Temporary Parking Card(Multi Spindles Wood CNC Router Engraving Machineg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Made in China 40HP 4WD Agricultural Machinery Tractor(Disposable Electronic Cigarette Vino for Men Vape Kit 2021i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain).
Similar results have been reported byInteractive Whiteboard China Advertising Display Education Smart 84inch Pcap Capacitive Touch Foil Touchscreen),3.5 Inch LCD Driver IC Hx8238d 54pin Touch Screen-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but20dBm 70dB Egsm Dcs Dual Band Signal Boosterreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,30 Years Manufacturing Experience Forged Steel Ball.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W(i)Gym245W 12V TUV Mono Solar PV Panel for off-Grid System'Baronesa'Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraver,330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light,Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof 'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312;Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Ict | Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio | 99.9% Ybco Sputtering Target for Coating | Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material | Water Paints Vibration Screen |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Professional Fishing Equipment Nylon Net Decorative, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'High Quality Monofilament Fishing Net Nylon/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,430HP Mine Dump Truck, fruit weight per plant,Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Glass Polishing Abrasive Brown Fused Alumina Bfa for Sand Blasting | Original M4 Module for Staubli Jacquard | Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio | Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material | Water Paints Vibration Screen |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Beds(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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