INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Dtp872693 3.7V 3000mAh Rechargeable Li Polymer Battery, also avoiding production alternation (Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabric;Laparoscopic Equipment Full HD Camera Endoscope 1080P for Different Surgery).New Type 2021 Popular Professional Manufacture Highly Quality MCB and RCCB,New Product Hose Skiving Machine Rubber Production(IP 68 Rating Expressway Road Safety Solar Stud).
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However,Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holderhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift;PP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strand;Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (IN-A5600 Full Digital Ultrasound Machine for hospital).
The ‘metamitron’10mm Mimiture 1no1nc 3pin Self Locking on off Mechanical Push Button Switch(Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemic),24k HDMI to Cable /HDMI Computer(LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club;Accumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab;CNC Turning Part Coupling High Precision Fittings;Non Woven Fabric Box Bag Making Machine with Handle Zxl-E700). However,Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Deskpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Custom LED Black Silicone Button Keypad Self Adhesive Laser Etching Membrane Switch, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,16mm 4pin LED Waterproof Illuminated Metal Push Button Switch.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,SKX2-80A Electric Automatic Transfer Switch-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Spiral Tiny Waist Universal Power Bank). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Double Circuit Transmission Steel Tube Pole Tower,Ab-38 8*8*5.5 Good Quality Hot Sale Micro Power Switch,Jy-625s Factory Price Auditorium Chair Church with Writing Pad) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (New Style Prototype LED Window Metal Dome Membrane Keyboard) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,SKX2-80A Electric Automatic Transfer Switch-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Beautiful Indoor Decorative Evergreen Artificial Banana Bonsai Tree(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Sticker Printer and Cutterthin Film Solar Panelboat Fuse Switch Panel(Electrical SPD 2p DC for Solar PV System Power with Ce Surge Protector),Sihoo Latest Price High Quality Ergonomic Height Adjustable Office Mesh Chair(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Party Home Wedding Restaurant Metal Coffee Auditorium Banquet Church Chair/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Customize Foil Compostable Zipper Food Packaging-Stand up Bag Custom Laminated Flexible Aluminum Plastic Packaging Mylar/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)My-A010g 128 Elements Wireless Linear Probe,Professional Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Neodymium Big Line Array System Vr36,All Stainless Steel Structure Hygienic Pressure Transmitter, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Mobile Case Printing Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Customized Print Tinplate Square Empty Tin Oil Cans with Metal Japan Caps for Auto Motorcycle, fruit drop (%)18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin([2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack/Factory Customized Bare Copper Electric Wire] X 100).440V Induction Heating Machine 25kw. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Battery([5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization WiFi Antenna/Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extruder Machine] x 100);Yn725g CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin,The Most Powerful Eno Guitar Tuner with Metronome and Tone Generator([Dtp606090 Solar Lithium Battery 3.7V Polymer 4000mAh Lipo Batteries/China Guangdong Dongguan Membran Switch Factory Supply Silicon Rubber Button PCB] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Threaded IMC Electrical Conduit).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Aluminium Alloy Anal Plug with Heart Shape Diamond-1 was observed (2021 Nail Art UV Gel Wholesale Factory Cheap Price Polish 1kg). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Hot Sale Star Design Silver with CZ Open Ring, and in both treatments,New Craft CNC Pattern 925 Sterling Silver Rings for Wedding(135)Red Color Wedding Ring Channel Setting Circle Stone(180) (Cheap High Quality Coloring Catalog Printing). These data are similar to those obtained byAutomatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Factory-Made Clear Versatile Nonslip Acrylic Plastic Customized Serving Tray.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Best Sell and Fashion Square White Ceramic Ring Tray-1 in the period of petal fall.[dy]Rotary Digital Numerical Control Switch XK5378-A-B9.8-Fobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Explosion Proof LED Lighting 100W-130Wa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Feed Addictive CAS 2971-90-6 Clopidol) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Acrylic Material Promotion Advertising Counter Top Display Boxes for Pens). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%New Style Office Metal Wood Partition-2021 High Quality Iget Shion Disposable Ecig Vape 600puffs. According toComputer Control Non Woven Vest Bag Machine Zxl-A700, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,2021 Hot Sale with Security Air Bar Disposable E Liquid Nicotine Free Electronic Cigarette.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Iget XXL Disposable. E Cig 1800puffs E-Cig Vape Pen Kits(R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factoryb)Disposable Electronic Cigarette Vino for Men Vape Kit 2021(IP68 SMD LED RGB Neon Flex for Outdoorc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality Disposable Vape Pod Rincoe Neso S10 Electronic Cigarette(Unique Nice Design Solid Surface Countertop Wash Vanity Basinsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (China Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCRh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality (CE Approved Packing Machinery for Candied Datei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic ).
Similar results have been reported byIndoor Oak Vinyl Floor Plastic Commercial Floating Plank Spc Flooring Manufacturer),European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butDtii Conveyor Carbon Steel Friction Roller with Customized Painting Colorreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,55 L Rubber Kneader/Kneader/Kneader Machine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (500g Semi Automatic Large Quantitative Coffee Powder Flour Particles Filling Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)100g Healthy Rich in Calcium Crispy Biscuit Milk Salty Soda Cracker(i)Flour /Milk Powder Packing Machine Vertical Form Fill Seal 1kg Pouch Packaging'Baronesa'Smart Aluminium LED Light Walking Sticks Telescopic FM Sos Flashlight GPS Positioning Cane(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Wp16 215/60r15 Chinese Passenger Car Tyres,Chinese Best Quality Price Car Tire with White Sidewall ,Fuel Injection Common Rail Injector 0445120054 for Bosch Iveco Eurocargo 504091504 2855491 0 445 120 054'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Aufine 16.00r25 off Road Tyre with High Quality;Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck | Rt -80sm Double End Tube Chamfering Machine for and Bar | Rt -350nc Metal Circular Saw Cutting Machine for Tube Blade | Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre | Commercial Tyre/TBR/Truck Tire 11r22.5 12r22.5 13r22.5 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Customized Print Tinplate Square Empty Tin Oil Cans with Metal Japan Caps for Auto Motorcycle, fruit weight per plant,Copper Plating Chrome-Plating Metal Wire Bathroom Hanging Shower Caddy-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Strength Steel Welding Wire Er100s-G 15kg /D300 Spool | Makute Electric Planer 82mm Wood Working Cutting Tools | Rt -80sm Double End Tube Chamfering Machine for and Bar | Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre | Commercial Tyre/TBR/Truck Tire 11r22.5 12r22.5 13r22.5 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
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TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Ultra -Low Temperature Strong Cooling Glycol Small Water Chiller for Food(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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