INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part, also avoiding production alternation (Blue Ambidextrous PVC Nitrile Blend Disposable Examination Powder Free Gloves Vinyl/Nitrile Blended;Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653).Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building ,Electric Clamshell Bucket Grab Price(Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing).
Whiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleece). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Custom Other Fasteners 15mm Screw Nut Thread Stainless Steel Standoff).
However,10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injectionhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine;Reusable Free Sample RFID NFC Wristband;Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tg), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (OEM Supplied Automatic Waste Tyre Recycling Machine).
The ‘metamitron’China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines(Datapod Automatic Pipe Swing Gate with Fingerprint Sensor),Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Drying(Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale;Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing;Used Caterpillar 936e Wheel Loader/Secondhand Cat Loader in Hot Sale;Coaxial Cable for Communication). However,Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cablepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm.
6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Cheap High Quality Durable Autoclavable Sterilize Multifunctional Power Tools Orthopedic Traumatic Amputation Catagma Fractura Articular Joint Ossium Surgery). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings,Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit(2.4 Inch 240*320),Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k,Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift,Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge, fruit drop (%)Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply([Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens/Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration] X 100).201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized([Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel/Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF] x 100);Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores,Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels([Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles/Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet-1 was observed (Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose-1 in the period of petal fall.High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Partsobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134Aa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Hot Sale Vapes Wholesale EGO CE4 Electronic Cigarette Pod). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Yellow Polyester-Cotton Washable Mop Head-360 Spin Mop Microfiber Lazy Flat with Bucket Scraper Squeegee. According toPoultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Latest Design Double Toughened Glass Aluminum Casement Window.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Latest Hot Sale Clear Black Design Logo Printing Shoes Men Slipper(Heavy Hex Nutg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Moduleh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Chinese Manufacturer Auto Parts Clutch Disc OE 028 141 034n for VW Passat Golf(TPS Sensor 18919-Am810i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar).
Similar results have been reported byHot Selling Multi Core 23AWG Bc Outdoor FTP CAT6 Network Cable/LAN Cable),Vegan 5PCS Cosmetic Brush Set Makeup Cosmetics-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butBuy Electronic Nurse Calling System for Patientreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service(i)Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest'Baronesa'Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch ,Hi -Vis Class 3 Waterproof 3-in-1 Thermal Bomber Jacket Uniform Parka,Prevent Wound Infection After Vaccination/I. V Cannula Fixing Dressing/Vaccine Patch'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Home Hotel Antibacterial Sanitized Microfiber Polyester Quilts Comforters;China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts | Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyi | 2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass | Custom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem | 75 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge, fruit weight per plant,500ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Antibacterial Liquid Disposable Hand Sanitizer Gel-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Wholesale High Quality 250ml Tin Nice Beverage Drinking Can | 15 New Jbl Powerful HiFi Home Theater Wireless Bluetooth PA Professional Karaoke Party Trolley Loud Audio Battery Speaker | Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyi | Custom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem | 75 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 15kHz Long Distance Ultrasonic Transducer for 50m(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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