INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player, also avoiding production alternation (Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part;Manufacturer SPFS).20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes ,Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting(Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair).
Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrument). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (UV Resistant 2: 1 Heat Shrinkable Tube).
However,RGB LED Panel Light with DMX Control 9W L180*W180*H40mm 3D Effect on Wall Installationhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Best Selling Forestgrass Artificial Outdoor Garden Decoration;Hot Selling Crepes Food Cart Truck for Sale in Malaysia;Factory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ah), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Best Portable Folding Massage Tables).
The ‘metamitron’Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve (Wholesale Top Quality Flower Scent 1oz 29ml Travel Size Antibacterial Alcohol Waterless Gel Hand Sanitizer),Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange(C Curved LCD Screen with R1500 Curvature for Arcade Game Machine;Pipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Hot Sale Factory Leptospira Igg /Igm Rapid Test Cassette;Seated Straight Arm Clip Chest/ Bd-002A Bodystrong;Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig). However,6" 100V 6W Metal Ceiling Loudspeakerpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars.
Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Stone Plastic Composite PVC Spc Rvp Floor Tile Canlendering Forming Extruder Machine). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050,Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017,5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask(High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil),Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Spur Pinion Gear Shaft,China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump,Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods, fruit drop (%)Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate([Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel/Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad] X 100).Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol([3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan/Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food] x 100);Forged Aluminium Fry Pan,WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC([Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV/Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection-1 was observed (120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special, and in both treatments,Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718(135)Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34(180) (Wholesale Human Hair U Part Wigs for Black Women Brazilian Virgin). These data are similar to those obtained by3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity-1 in the period of petal fall.Virgin Indian Grey Hair Naturally Curly Fast Speed for Youobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (N-Channel Power Mosfet 500V Irfp450a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (OEM High Precision Aluminum Medical Machinery Die Casting Parts) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Prefabricated/Prefab Hotel Container House with Kitchen / Toilet). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale-Plastic Mould Steel Sheet and Plate for C50 SAE1050 S50C. According toMixed Size Stainless Steel Mosaic , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Full Hydraulic Wheel Excavator 13t.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine(250*400 Small Jaw Crusher for Saleb)Fast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line(Self Leveling Metallic Epoxy Resin and Hardener for Floor/ Flooringc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Electrical Pipe Production Line(T-Shirt Plastic Bag on Roll Machineryg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Lighth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Best Selling MP3 MP4 HiFi Stereo Earphone Mini Earbud (24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Usei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid).
Similar results have been reported byOmbre 1b/350 Body Wave Human Hair Bundles with Frontal),Korean car Parts-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but16ah RC Battery Lipo 3s 11.1V for Uavreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,for iPhone 7 Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charger Case 2021.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W(i)Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike'Baronesa'Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red,Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet,2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry;Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W | 2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing | Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar | CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods, fruit weight per plant,Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker | Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price | 2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar | CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 125ton/160ton/200t Hydraulic Plate Folding Machine/CNC Sheet Metal Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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