INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,20FT Liquid Chemicals Storage T11 ISO Tank Container for Sale, also avoiding production alternation (70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets;3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlight).NSF & ISO Approved Metal Wire Grocery display Racks,Hot Sale Aluminum Shopping Rollator(7 Ton Chinese Wheel Excavator with Yuchai Engine).
Senior Infant Nursing Model Training for Hospital School Slv-H140, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Rexroth Valve 4we10e 4we10f 4we10g 4we10j 4we10h 4we10L 4we10FM 4we10p 4we10t 4we10W).
However,Pw Y Type Reducer Air Quick Fitting Connector Pipe Pneumatic Fittingshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting;Brand New Aluminum Auto Condenser Peugeot 106 Gti Rallye/Citroen Saxo/Vtr 1996-2001 99 Radiator;CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (M12 DC Two Wires Output Inductive Switch Sensor with 12mm Distance).
The ‘metamitron’100%Polyester Ruana Tie Dye Chiffon Poncho/Ruana/Warp/Cape(HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds),5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board(Colored Plastic Goggles Face Shield White Anti Fog;Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whitening). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Custom LED Black Silicone Button Keypad Self Adhesive Laser Etching Membrane Switch;Comfortable Feeling Prefab Wood House;Circulation Air Leg Massager Athlete Recovery System). However,Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medalpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Eboat Times O10 Hemp Oil Vape Pen Cbd Vaporizer Disposable E-Cigarette, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Automatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machine).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,90-100W Reci W2 Laser Tube with 1200mm Length.
Sandalwood Mosquito Repellent Outdoor Sticks-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,3mm/0.21mm Matte Aluminum Composite Panel for Surface Materials-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Wheat Corn Maize Rice Flour Mill From China). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Printed Tubular Custom Logo Seamless Bandana for Mens ,NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce,HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipment) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,3mm/0.21mm Matte Aluminum Composite Panel for Surface Materials-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing(HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds),Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet,6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities,High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel, fruit drop (%)High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System([Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed/Calcined Pet Coke] X 100).Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacturer in China. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Washable Baby Cloth Changing Pad([2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves/2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12] x 100);Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold,High Quality Oilless Guide Bush ([Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025/Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Top Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAG -By007 Ce ISO Five Functions Electric Rehabilitation Hospital Bed.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit-1 was observed (Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Yinherb Lab Citicoline USP Standard 98% Cdp Choline Sodium, and in both treatments,Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL(135)New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker(180) (Hot-Selling Outdoor Vivid Image Rental LED Display P10 DIP). These data are similar to those obtained byJisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc-1 in the period of petal fall.Megatro Radar Tower observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (SSAW Pipe Production Linea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity ) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Wrc28vm Car Alloy Wheel Polishing Machine Rim Lathe). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex -Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt. According toRoof Ventilator Aluminium Alloy with Fluorinecarbon Polyester Coated 600mm, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Normal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Polyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sport(Ouch Screen Car DVD Player for Ford Explorer GPS Navigation Systemb)Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffiti(2.5mm 0.098inch AISI440c Stainless Steel Balls for Household Appliances 0.063Gc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing(High Quality Flexible Strong Silicone Rubber Vacuum Suction Cupsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Chinese Factory 3-Ply Disposable Non Woven Earloop Face Maskh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop(New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglassesi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (ISO Thin Wall PVC Wire with Asymmetric Conductor ).
Similar results have been reported byFabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Mat),Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but10g CWDM 40km LC SFP Optical Module with CEreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart(i)500- 3000kg /H Waste Plastic Pet Water Bottle Flakes Recycling Washing Plant'Baronesa'Plastic Recycling Washing Machine for Pet Bottle(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 13 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock,China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner,Heat Recovery Fresh Air Handling Unit-Cabinet Floor Standing Conditioner'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader;Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning | Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister | OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp | Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve | Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel, fruit weight per plant,DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beer | Water Chilled Fan Coil Units for Duct Installation | Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister | Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve | Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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