INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer, also avoiding production alternation (Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre;Hand Pallet Trucks 3000kg Lonking Durable Diesel Forklift 3tons).Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin,3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler(ISO Container Parts of Bamboo Mixed Hardwood Floorboard Size 2400*1160*28mm).
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However,House Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From Chinahighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hand Crimper for Use with 20mm Crimp Seals;Golf Clubs Bags Primary Intermediate Club Custom;2021 High Quality Iget Shion Disposable Ecig Vape 600puffs), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Auto Parts Td2503/Vnt25 Turbine Rotor Shaft Wheel).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (ATV Handlebar for Banshee Raptor Trx250r Trx400ex Yfz450 Aluminum Alloy Handle Bar). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts,Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery,High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (The Factory Wholesale 8inch Orange Black Halloween Pumpkin Paper Jack-O'- Lantern /Lamp Lanterns with LED Lights Hang Festive Decorations) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Top Manufacture Mineral Oil Purification Machine (High-Power Switching Power Supply 1500W24V62A DC Regulated Equipment),Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher,Factory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die,Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel, fruit drop (%)Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut([DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded/Canned Food Factory Selling Good Quality] X 100).OEM Nonstandard Part Precision CNC Machining Services. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,1104 Customized Alloy Aluminum ADC12 Die Casting Part/ Casted Part for Auto Industry([21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk/Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine] x 100);Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate,Mini Camping Lantern Portable Lamp ([Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell/Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byWholesale Good Qaulity LED Lamp From China.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone-1 was observed (CCC Standard Electric Bicycle with 48V/60V Battery). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food, and in both treatments,Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3(135)100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple(180) (Challenger 65/75/85/95 Rubber Track). These data are similar to those obtained byFactory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol-1 in the period of petal fall.HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Chargera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (CE/GS/Euro5/EPA Approved 3500W 3000W Pure Sine Wave Portable Gasoline/Petrol Silent Generator Set) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Low Waterabsoprtion Matt Tile for Living Room). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating-Teriyaki Sauce . According toChina Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Jarrow Formulas.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Frozen Carrot Slice(Upgrade Models Rechargeable LED Dust Masks Glowing Color Carnival Lit Party Christmas Mask Gauzeb)Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net(200W Stage Sharpy 5r Lamp Beam Moving Head Lightc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Price(New Design High Quality Paper Bag Shopping Giftg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (China Supplier Mima Brand Electric Heavy Duty Pallet Truckh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Automatic 19 Liter 5 Gallon Bottle Mineral Pure Water Barrel Filling Machine(New Style Back Printing Flannel Star Cut Flower Blanket Pajamas Home Clothes Coral Fleece Fabric Pattern Can Be Customizedi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (High Quality 50t Wheat Flour Mill China Supplier ).
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In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Military Desert Boots Army Tactical Combat); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)2021 High Quality Car Tent Roof Top(i)E-Start Walking Tractor with 12HP Diesel Engine for Export'Baronesa'H&T Wheel 684401 Black or Silver Surface 16X7.0 PCD 4X108 16 Inch Steel Car Wheels Rims(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Xk-250 Rubber Mixing Mill Machine/Open Mixing/Two Roll;Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Bar | HDPE/PE Plastic Blow Molding Machine for Desktop/Desk and Chair | Educational Interlocking EPP Foam Block for Children | GF800ceh Iml Injection Molding Machine Plastic Barrel Making | Blue Space Sand Magic Kinetic DIY Kids Play Toy |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality Oil Filter Manufacturer P550920 Diesel Lf17475 Auto, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drilling/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel, fruit weight per plant,Postcard Toy for Kids Adults Educational Learning Greeting Card Gift Children Baby Boys Girls Perfect Office Home School All Occasions-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Baker's Kingdom 2 in 1 Cake Batter and Cookie Dough Depositor Equipment with Wire Cut Mechanisms | Aseptic and Efficient New Filling Equipment for Producing Juice Non-Gas Beverage | HDPE/PE Plastic Blow Molding Machine for Desktop/Desk and Chair | GF800ceh Iml Injection Molding Machine Plastic Barrel Making | Blue Space Sand Magic Kinetic DIY Kids Play Toy |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Die Cast Inverter Radiator of ADC -12 Aluminum Alloy(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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