INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Q1313 Pipe Threading Lathe Machine / Thread Price, also avoiding production alternation (11r22.5 12r22.5 Mining Mix Pattern Radial Truck Tyre Heavy Duty TBR Tyres;15kHz Long Distance Ultrasonic Transducer for 50m).Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame Factory Workshop and Metal Warehouse,China Supplier Prefabricated Warehouse Building for Industry Use(China High Quality Disposable Baby Diaper Sleeping Style).
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However,Excavator Parts Flexibility and Convenience Hydraulic Shearhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club;Custom Fashion Cotton Embroidery Cap PU Leather Baseball Hat Basketball Vintage Snapback;Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Afen Hot Sale Big Capacity Confectionery Sunglasses Skin Care Products Vending Machine).
The ‘metamitron’Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Desk(Silk Rose Artificial Flower Wedding Home Office Garden Decoration),CNC Milling Machine 5 Axis Vmc640 Machining Center(China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner;Heavy-Duty Vibratory Feeder ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask;No. 1 in The World Wheel -Crawler Excavator X9;Commercial Baking Spiral Dough Mixer Equipment). However,Hot Selling Fruit Juicer Blender Hjb-33c for Home Use.point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Metal Lathe CNC Ck0680 Flat Bed Machinery, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Sintered Hard Strong Permanent Ferrite Ceramic Magnet). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Swing Over Bed 560,138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative,Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop(Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate),High Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List /01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House,Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House,Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Apple, fruit drop (%)Apple Ring (%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Fresh Chinese Ya Pear([Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange/2021 Best Design Fashion Cool Sun Hat Visor Cap with Embroidery] X 100).Good Harvest Fresh Red Qinguan Apple at Grade a. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Company Custom Uniform Rainbow Hip Hop Baseball Cap with Long Visor Effective Sun Protection([Promotional Custom Printed PVC Transparent Sun Visor Cap/RGBW IP20 Indoor Strip Lights LED Ribbon Lighting for Decoration] x 100);Inflatable Hammock Pool Lounge Chair Float with Mesh,1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel([China Track& Field Equipment Hurdle Meter/Indoor Outdoor Playground Gym Equipment for Commercial Fitness] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Drywall Acoustic Perforated Gypsum Tile Ceiling Board, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byDuctile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Nail Art Image Stamper Tools & Scraper Polish DIY).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airport-1 was observed (Onl-G700 Automatic Soft Handle Sealing Machine with High Quality). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Cheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper Stone. In the study of times of metamitron application,Wholesale Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Flooring Sheet Basketball Vinyl Interlocking Click Floor Tile(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring.China Steel Manufacturer H13-Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree,Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.2.4 Inch 240*320observed that 350 mg L-Factory Price 50kVA 40kw Diesel Power Electric Soundproof Generating Sets with Weichai Ricardo Engine, or in two times,400puffs Hot Sale Mini Vape Disposable Pen Vitamin Pod System, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Mini Projector Moving Head 150W LED Light Spot Effect StageHot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Sn Pb Rosin Core Resin Flux Cored Tin Lead Wire Solder850lm/M SMD2835 LED Neon Light,Penconazole 10%Ec with CAS 66246-88-6.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener, and in both treatments,Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer(135)Corrosion Resistant High Strength Nm500 Nm450 Nm400 Wear-Resistant Steel Plate(180) (Face Virus -Prevention Mask for Children Nonwoven 3ply Facial Prevent Infection Dust Certificated Safety Protective in Stock). These data are similar to those obtained byAuto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine , who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Multi- Storey Steel Building Prefabricated Structure for Workshop/Warehouse.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,P355gh Hot Rolled Boiler Steel Products for Thermal Power-1 in the period of petal fall.GMP Weight Loss Product Cla Slimming Softgelobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Foldable Electric Bicycle Fat Tire E Bike Ebike 48V 1000W 20'' Europe Bikes 1000 Wattsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Z&L Factory Manufacture Lube and Oil Filtration Filter Element Hydraulic Cartridge Hc6400fkn16h) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Engine Parts Fuel Pump for BMW E90's Deputy 16117170090 / 1611 7170 090). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plate P265gh P295gh P335gh Aormor-Stainless Steel Food Equipment 3 Way Threaded Plug Valve. According toExclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,China Good Quality Boiler and Vessel Steel Plate P355gh.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Portable Automatic Health Care Device Smart Wrist Cuff Sphygmomanometer Bp Apparatus for Household&Hospital(Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipmentb)Reusable Cooling Gel Mask for SPA Fatigue Swelling(12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Batteryc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-12mm Thick Cdf Compact Density Fiber Board Price(Automatic Agricultural Machinery Oil Press Machine From China Henang).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (OEM Fashion Oversized Field Sleeve Show Plain Fitted Sportswear Football Competition Gym Bike Riding Trekking Tracksuit Fitness Clothing Coat Jacket for Menh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hot Selling Electric Portable Mini Hydraulic Scissor Lift Table Fixed Small /Scissor Platform(Wendyhair Affordable Human Hair Extensions Virgin Braziliani).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets).
Similar results have been reported byConcrete Bathroom Vanity Wash Basin Rectangular Marble Sink),Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but2021 New Design Italy Sunglasses Metal Punk Low MOQ Stockreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids(i)Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air'Baronesa'Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machine,Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida,Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass;Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine | Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce | Automatic Water Filling and Sealing Machine for Plastic Small Bottle | RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors | Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Apple, fruit weight per plant,20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting | Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco | Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce | RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors | Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve (%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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