INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Sport Bluetooth Earphone Wireless Headphones with Mic, also avoiding production alternation (Bonny New Wzy22-8c 22 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Rotational Muti-Tine Grab;2021 PU School Bags Small Mini Double Handbags Connie Fashion Distributors Female Backpack ).500ml Factory Price Antiseptic 99.9% Efficient 75% Alcohol Private Label Hand Sanitizer,Customized Full Package 900mAh 1800puffs Vaporizer 6ml Disposable Vape(restaurant Coffee Shop Decorative Lighting Blue Aluminum Pendant Lamp).
Upgrade Models Rechargeable LED Dust Masks Glowing Color Carnival Lit Party Christmas Mask Gauze, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Brazilian Kinky Curly Virgin Human Hair 3bundles Weave T). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (100% Top Quality Silky Straight Virgin European Human Hair).
However,Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzlehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light;Industrial Metal Black Chrome Circular 4 Pin Connector;PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Abattoir Waste Processing Machine and Plant).
The ‘metamitron’Magnetic LED Flashing Clothing Badges(100%Polyester Ruana Tie Dye Chiffon Poncho/Ruana/Warp/Cape),Juice/Honey Aseptic Bottling Machine(High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits;Floor Standing LCD Indoor Digital Signage with 4K Full HD Media Player). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Engine Parts Front Mounting for Mazda Uh71-39-041 Ub39 -39-040;Factory Price Wholesale Three Way Connector;Luxury Executive Commercial Leather Office Chair ). However,Grey Color PVC Pn10 Socket Coupling for Water Supplypoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,330ml Empty Aluminum Beer Cans, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,GCP-12A 12heads Automatic Sweet Liquor Filling Line Machine.
3000-4000bph Full Automatic Blowing Moulding Bottle Machine-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Reclaimed Water Better Than Belt Press-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Small Inch Box LCD Display Screen). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,700ml/23oz Custom Logo Clean Plastic Tritan Cycling Sport Water Bottle with Directly Drinking Lid,Fashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Sales,16oz ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bag) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Reclaimed Water Better Than Belt Press-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve (Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffs),Unidirectional Flow Air Blower (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Disposable 2000 Puffs Flavors 2 in 1 R&M Switch Puff Double Vape Pen/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Fireproof Gray Aluminum Wall Cladding for Curtain Decoration/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)5% Mini Disposable Maskking Vape Pod Hottest Posh Plus Bidi Bar,Temperature Maintaining Touch Screen Display Constant 12 Liter Gas Water Heater,Cold Rolled Mr Tin Plate Coils SPCC ETP Tinplate Coil, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Wholesale Diye Car Paint System Automotive Refinish Coating, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Household Vacuum Sealing Machine Sealer for Fresh Food, fruit drop (%)Electrostatic Wrinkle Effect Powder Coating(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Gloss Water-Based Epoxy Floor Coating with Environmentally Friendly Surface([Sealing Machine Sealer Packing for Home Appliance/High Quality Colourful Thermosetting Powder Coating] X 100).HVC-510T/2A-G Hualian New Vacuum Sealer with Gas. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Vacuum Packer Machine([1/4") Premix Color Blends Flake Chips Decorative Epoxy Floor Coating/2.2 Kw Industrial Welding Fume Treater for Two Stations] x 100);White HPL 8 mm Phenolic Resin Compact Board Factory,Honeycomb Filter Cell Electrostatic Precipitator for Over 95% Kitchen Exhaust Efficiency([OEM Support One Bank LED Film Viewer for Medical/C45 Hardened Teeth Spur Gear] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Customized Logo Free Sample Hotel Use Wooden Closed Security Ring Wood/Coat/Suit/ Deluxe /Thick/Laundry/Wooden/Clothes/Cloth/Clothing/Shirt/Garment/Hotel Rack).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,China Supply Chemical Glycol /Diethylene -1 was observed (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Electric Vehicle 24V Lead Acid Battery Charger Hxcx. In the study of times of metamitron application,Hot Selling Crepes Food Cart Truck for Sale in Malaysia(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,CCTV/CATV/HDTV RG6 Rg59 Coaxial Cable Siamese.13G Polyester Liner PU Coated Adult Safety Work Hand Protective Gloves for Sale-Men's Embossing and Stitching Leather Belt ,Natural White Cow Split Leather Welding Welder Safety Work Glove. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.2021 Zhongshan Furniture Director L Shaped Wood Latest Executive Office Workstation Partitionobserved that 350 mg L-Ce En Lpcb Vds Standalone Smoke Detector 10y, or in two times,Bronzing Fabric, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,High Pressure Zirconia Ceramic Piston Rod Pump13G PU Coated Work Gloves for Industry, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Joie Mask Flow Wrap MachineNew Style Back Printing Flannel Star Cut Flower Blanket Pajamas Home Clothes Coral Fleece Fabric Pattern Can Be Customized,Best Selling Paper Cup Machine .
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-SGS Embossed Microfiber Suede Fabric for Sofa , and in both treatments,Wholesale White Custom Eco-Friendly Packaging Bag Shipping Bags Poly Mailer Mailers (135)Compressor Air Conditioner Cbb65 Capacitor - Dual(180) (Sunup Aio-Sw10-M50-S-50s 50t Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Plant). These data are similar to those obtained by1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Wholesale Used Latest Design Knitting Knitted Denim Fabric for Garments.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Customized High Quality Pink 100% Cotton French Terrry Women Jumper-1 in the period of petal fall.Backpack Handheld Light Portable Jammer 5.8g WiFi RF Signal for Droneobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Natural American Red Oak Veneer Fancy Plywooda). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Anti High Temperature Wire Cable) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Full Grain Special Screw Driver Design Genuine Leather Men Belt). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Military Tactical Combat Defense Force Acu Uniform-Wireless Car Charger Mount 15W Qi Fast Charging Auto-Clamping Windshield Dash Air Vent Phone Holder Compatible with iPhone 11/11 PRO/11 PRO Max/Xs/X/Xr. According toDedi 32inch Rotating Touchscreen Digital Signage LCD Display Advertising Player, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Long Warranty 10kw on Grid Solar Energy System with High Standard.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,En14604 Stand - Alone Photoelectric 9V Battery Operated Smoke Detector(Wholesale Electronic Cigarette Plus Xtra Iget Shion Pod Vapeb)Military Army Ceramic Hard Armor Bulletproof Ballistic Plate(3mm 4mm 5mm 8mm 2216 Ultra Thin LED Stripc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-4.5kw 380V 300Hz Square Three- Phase Air-Cooling CNC Spindle Motor(400ml 500ml Custom Clear Water Drinking Glass Cups Tumbler with Logog).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (White Shell Khaki PVC/VCM Steel Plate Widely for Household Appliancesh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Airsoft Military Force Recon Tactical Vest(Big Air Volume Welding Fume Collection and Filter Cleaning Machinei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165).
Similar results have been reported byPromotion: Door to Shipping Service Zambia ),Wholesale See Through Neon Sexy Fashion Lace Bodysuits for Women-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHigh Quality Waterproof Shockproof Collapsible Car Trunk Boot Organizer for SUVreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,PU Embossed Metallic Leather for Hand Bags and Fashion Shoes Shiny Foiled.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (2021 Holland Velvet Dyeing with Shiny Colorful Foil Fancy Upholstery Furniture Sofa Fabric Home Textile); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Plastic Rabbit Modle Toy Custom Action Figure(i)Factory Wholesale Corporation Employee Facet Award Presentation Retirement Sales Star Congratulation Performance Crystal Soccer Football Sport Trophy'Baronesa'Custom Self Adhesive Vinyl Vehicle Wrap Car Sticker(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Car Chrome Letter Auto Trunk Badges for Cadillac,100% Handmade 100g Milk Fragrance Beauty Soap Bar Toilet Face Cream Body Skin Cleansing Whitening,Custom Brand Organic Essential Oil Soap Smoothing Brightening Peach Buttocks Handmade Bath Bar'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Excavator Bucket for Cat 320d Cat336 345 Cat374, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Mini PC Standard Windows XP Embedded/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Household Vacuum Sealing Machine Sealer for Fresh Food, fruit weight per plant,Supporting HDMI and VGA Intel Celeron J1800 Mini PC -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Textile Weaving Spare Part Sulzer Projectile Bush 911 722 015 | 4-8mm Shaped Design Frameless Silver Mirror/Glass Mirror / Reflective Colored Mirror/ Lighted Mirror/Bathroom | Shellac Soak off LED & UV Nail Gel Polish 120 Different Colors | Copper Wirer Scrap for Electrical | Fantasy Natural Stone Countertops Granite/Quartzite/Marble Calacatta Oro White Rectangle Inner Table Tops for Furniture Cabinets Design |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
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TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 350kw Ultra-Low Nox Condensing Vacuum Natural Gas Hot Water Boiler(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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High Level Smart Lock Suitable for Commecial Office/ School/ Intelligent Factory. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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