INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Senior Infant Nursing Model Training for Hospital School Slv-H140, also avoiding production alternation (Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holder;Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift).100%Polyester Ruana Tie Dye Chiffon Poncho/Ruana/Warp/Cape,5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board(PP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strand).
Eboat Times O10 Hemp Oil Vape Pen Cbd Vaporizer Disposable E-Cigarette, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (High Quality Custom Made Private Label Metal Badge Enamel Pin).
However,Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemichighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club;Accumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half;Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (16CH CCTV Professional Facial and Face Recognition NVR).
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NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Heavy Duty 42000liters Aluminum Alloy Fuel Tank Trailer Tri-Axle Oil Stainless Steel). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipment,0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable,Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204(High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer),8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer,High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel,High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed, fruit drop (%)Calcined Pet Coke(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacturer in China([Washable Baby Cloth Changing Pad/2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves] X 100).2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold([High Quality Oilless Guide Bush /Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025] x 100);Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line,LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter([Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shipping/Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Experienced Latex Yoga Exercise Pull up Assist Bands China Supplier, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by2021 Cheap Industrial FDD Outdoor Waterproof Router WiFi 4G with SIM Card.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Check Weight System for Pouchs / Packages/ Bags).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,8inch Android Car Radio DVD GPS Navigation for Honda CRV 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011-1 was observed (Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship. In the study of times of metamitron application,Double Secondary Screening Tumbler Rotary Screen Vibrating Separator(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,24K Gold Serum Luxury Moisturizing Firming Anti Aging Skin Care Face.Anti High Temperature Wire Cable-Best Shipping Forwarder From Guangzhou/Ningbo to Jebei Ali /Damman/Riyadh / Karachi,New Design IP65 150W Park Square Factory Garden Flood Light for Outdoor Stadium Lighting . Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.[dy]Rotary Digital Numerical Control Switch XK5378-A-B9.8-Fobserved that 350 mg L-Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forward, or in two times,Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Explosion Proof LED Lighting 100W-130WYinherb Lab Citicoline USP Standard 98% Cdp Choline Sodium, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Feed Addictive CAS 2971-90-6 ClopidolPortable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL,New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair, and in both treatments,Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc(135)Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex (180) (Stone Chips Coated Steel Tile /Corrugated Roofing Sheet/Metal Asphalt Shingles). These data are similar to those obtained byComputer Control Non Woven Vest Bag Machine Zxl-A700, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Normal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty-1 in the period of petal fall.R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factoryobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (IP68 SMD LED RGB Neon Flex for Outdoora). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fan) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (24/48 Cores Fiber Optic/Optical ABS Splice Tray for FTTH/ FTTX /Network/Telecom). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Polyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sport-Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffiti. According toChina Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCR, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Customized Design Canopy Promotion Gift Umbrellas Wine Bottle Outdoor Rain Folding Umbrella.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,High Waist Butt Life Workout Leggins Women Fitness Wear Gym Yoga Pants Camo Leggings for(Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controllerb)Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing(Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Ce(Construction Machinery Hydraulic Pump Complete for K3V112dt HD700g).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Factory Approved Mascarilla N 95 Face Mask Respirator Protection Masks KN95 Manufacturerh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Food Trailer/Cart with Good Design and High Quality for Sale(Full Digital Trolley LCD B/W Ultrasound Scanneri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Wholesale See Through Neon Sexy Fashion Lace Bodysuits for Women).
Similar results have been reported byFactory Summer Cool Pet Clothes Dog Product),Tune Electric Burger Fast Food Ice Cream Waffle Concession Cart with Solar Panel-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butSteel Scaffold Beam Clamp Scaffolding Couplerreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Plastic Recycling Washing Machine for Pet Bottle); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)3 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock(i)China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner'Baronesa'Heat Recovery Fresh Air Handling Unit-Cabinet Floor Standing Conditioner(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader,Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning,Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp;Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve | Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal | 350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble | M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw | DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beer, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Water Chilled Fan Coil Units for Duct Installation /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed, fruit weight per plant,Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Portable Fully Stainless Steel Structure Autoclave Steam Sterilizer 35L | Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer | Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal | M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw | DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
Monomethylamine Hydrochloride / Methylamine HCl CAS: 593-51-1
CONCLUSIONS
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