INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Darlly 115mm Diameter Big Blue PP GF Pes Pleated Filter Cartridge for Drinking Water RO Prefiltration Small and Medium Size Treatment Systems, also avoiding production alternation (Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit;High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel).Cocoa Protein Powder Packing Machine,PAL Hydraulic Lubricating Oil Cartridge Filter Ue619at20h(Blue Ambidextrous PVC Nitrile Blend Disposable Examination Powder Free Gloves Vinyl/Nitrile Blended).
5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminal, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Wholesale Mink Eyelash Custom Private Label Full Strip Lashes Packaging Boxes 3D Eyelashes).
However,Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearinghighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleece;10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection;Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Kawasaki 900 1100 Carb Rebuild Kit Pwc Keihin Jet Ski).
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Replacement hydraulic oil filter cartridge HC8904FKT39H-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Automatic Linear Cup Filling Sealing Machine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Crazy Competition 9d Vr Car Racing Game Machine for Children). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Fast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine,Z&L Factory Manufacture Lube and Oil Filtration Filter Element Hydraulic Cartridge Hc6400fkn16h,Sports Smart Watch Bluetooth Call ECG Monitoring Bracelet) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (2021 New Children Cute Silicone Watches) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Automatic Linear Cup Filling Sealing Machine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)CE Approved Packing Machinery for Candied Date(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault(New Arrival S9 Sport Smart Mobile Phone Watch Bluetooth Smartwatch Smartphone),New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Gift(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Best Selling Size 14.9-24 R-1 Tt Nylon Tyre for Agricultural Tractor/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Diamond Wire Saws Segment for Granite Cutting/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Man and Women Safety Protective Glasses Anti Fog Goggle Isolation Eye Mask Protection Eyeglasses Googles,SATA 7+15P 180 Degree Cable,Rexroth A10vso140 Dfr, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)China DDP Freight Forwarder Sea Shipping Rates From to Oviedo/Mallorca Spain, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Air Treatment Filter Regulator Pneumatic Precision IR 1000, fruit drop (%)China Factory Produced UV-Resistance CR Rubber Bellows for Outdoors(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,SS304 Braided Bellows Hose Stainless and Carbon Steel Flexible Metal Pipe([Threaded IMC Electrical Conduit/Male to 2RCA Cable ] X 100).Scaffold Net 1.5X6m. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,High Temperature PPR Union Coupling Socket([Galvanized Tube IMC/Brushless Type AC Generator Genset 50/60Hz 3 Phase Diesel Spare Part Engga Automatic Voltage Regulator Universal Stabilizer AVR Wt-2] x 100);Wire Harness,Yingjiao Made in China 6V/9V/12V/13.5V/ 15V /16.5V/18V/0.5A/1A AC/DC Switching Power Adapter([Special Custom Shaft Door Lock 5V 100rpm Gear Motor/Customized Auto Wire Harness Cable Assembly OEM ODM] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Custom Cheap Police Metal Antique Military Coin, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byXCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Farm Machines Rotary Cultivator Stone Buries).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Wholesale Heavy Duty Barrel Shape Cotton Cavas Travel Duffle Bag Outdoors Gym Sport Hiking Weekend Duffel-1 was observed (High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Professional Call Center Noise Cancelling Telephone Headset VoIP Headphone, and in both treatments,Imported Black Fluorine Rubber Skeleton Oil Seal(135)Big Diameter Oil Seal NBR Motorcycle Rubber Seals(180) (Long Distance Water Supply Pump Multistage Centrifugal). These data are similar to those obtained byPolyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Remote Control Retail Shop LED Display Monitor Advertising Signare Screen Option 32/43/55/65"-1 in the period of petal fall.Vegetable Oil Powder for Milk Replacementobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machinea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Parts) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Black Tungsten Wire Wre Rhenium Dia0.1mm). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Oil Free Elevator Guide Shoe -Best Price and Quality Overspeed Governor for Safety System. According toBest for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Home Elevator Guide Shoe .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Multi functional beans screw oil press(Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cableb)Hot Selling Soybean Oil Press with High Quality(Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birdsc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Intimate Personal Water Based Warming or Cooling Feeling Vagina Anal Sex Lubricant 60ml for Couples(Individual Factory Supply Diagnostar Antigen Test Kit for Worldwide Disease Rapid Diagnosticg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Made in China 100X150 Shipping Labels Thermal Stickersh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Wholesale Price Brazilian Extension HD 360 Swiss Full Lace Front Wig Human Hair(Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steami).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (New Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64).
Similar results have been reported byTPS Sensor 18919-Am810),Wycs10-640 Dried Chili Color Sorter Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butConcrete Block Crusherreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Camping Tent2012.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Video Greeting Card-Video Brochure); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Wholesale Mink Eyelash Private Label Eyelashes18mm Eyelashes(i)Customized Prefabricated Structural Steel Fabrication Industrial Hangar'Baronesa'Foldable Electric Bicycle Fat Tire E Bike Ebike 48V 1000W 20'' Europe Bikes 1000 Watts(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Natural Shine Can Be Dyed Bleached Afro Curl Brazilian Hair Bundles,Virgin Indian Grey Hair Naturally Curly Fast Speed for You,Silk Rose Artificial Flower Wedding Home Office Garden Decoration'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Fashionable Stackable Wedding Furniture Comfortable Metal Dining Silla Banquet Chair;Wholesale Wedding Event Furniture Gold Stacking Chair for | Virgin LDPE Granulate Film Grade for Bags Shopping/Plastic | Semi Automatic Square Stainless Steel Tube Outside Polishing Equipment | Extruder for PVC Pipe From 15 Years Factory | 1.5cm Grosgrain Ribbon Royal-Blue Light-Bue Dark-Blue/Green Ruban for Wrapping/Gift/Bows Packing/Toys/ Festival /Wedding-Dy06058 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality Wear-Resistant Bimetallic Crystallized Copper Tubes, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'House Water Filter /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Air Treatment Filter Regulator Pneumatic Precision IR 1000, fruit weight per plant,High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Parts-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 3/8" Grosgrain Ribbon Light-Bue Lake/Sky Blue Ruban for Wrapping/Gift/Bows Packing/Toys/ Festival /Wedding-Dy06084 | Gr Mold Provide Quality Mold | Virgin LDPE Granulate Film Grade for Bags Shopping/Plastic | Extruder for PVC Pipe From 15 Years Factory | 1.5cm Grosgrain Ribbon Royal-Blue Light-Bue Dark-Blue/Green Ruban for Wrapping/Gift/Bows Packing/Toys/ Festival /Wedding-Dy06058 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Excellent Tear Resistance Good Self-Adhesiveness 3-Layer Blown Stretch PE Film(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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