INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Hospital Surgery Operating Room Shadowless Operation Lamp, also avoiding production alternation (Vecinda Cbd Atomizer 900 mAh Rechargeable Twist Voltage EGO Battery;New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries).Best Selling in Amazon Custom Necklace Jewelry Stainless Steel Gold Charm Moon Pendant,Qualified Table Steam Autoclave and Sterilizer (Niloticus Frozen Fish Seafood Black Tilapia Fillet Skinned).
OEM Flat Screen 43 " FHD 1080P LED TV DVB T / T2 C OSD Language, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (48.6*60.5mm Zinc Plated JIS Scaffolding Pressed Swivel Coupler).
However,Cold Storage Plant Refrigerated Warehouse Room Partshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (36W IP66 Waterproof LED Tri-Proof Light Vapor Tight 135lm/W;DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve;Qiyun CE 8t 10t 12t Mobile Yard Ramp for Loading and Unloading Goods with The Forklift), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (OEM Custom KN95 Face Mask with Certificate FFP1 /FFP2 Cup Shape Anti Dust FFP2).
The ‘metamitron’Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer Eto Sterilization Equipment Disinfector Chamber(Ce SGS Approved Optic Fiber Joint Machine ),Drill Rig / 9 1/2" (Rechargeable 100ah / 200ah 3.2V 12V/24V 30V/ 48V/60V/72V Lithium LiFePO4 Battery for Solar Storage/RV/Marine;Passenger Waiting Bus Shelter Advertising Stop Sign). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Aufine 16.00r25 off Road Tyre with High Quality;High Brightness Good Quality A4 Paper Office Printing 80GSM;Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machine). However,240ton 12/7degree Commercial HVAC Water Cooled Screw Chillerpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,High Quality Jewelry Beads Original Pendent Bangle 925 Sterling Silver Charms Bracelet Necklace for Pandora , and should therefore be tested in each producing region (USB Charge Selfie Portable Flash LED Camera Phone Photography Ring Light for Smartphone Tiktok).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,ISO Thin Wall PVC Wire with Asymmetric Conductor .
PCB and PCBA Manufacturer for Tablet PC Smart Phone-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,UL 1901 AWG 18 Approval Awm FEP Insulation RoHS Wire-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil with Zinc Spangle). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Twin & Earth 6242y PVC Wire,OEM Medical Equipment Device PCB Printed Circuit Board Assembly Full Turn Key,Wre3 Wre5 Wre25 Wre10 Wre26 Tungsten Rhenium Wire Thermocouple) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (C6 S1 S2 X3 K1 2PCS Car Headlight Csp SMD Chip H7 LED Bulbs H4 H1 H8 H11 Headlamps Kit 9005 9006 for Auto 12V Lamp 12000lm) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,UL 1901 AWG 18 Approval Awm FEP Insulation RoHS Wire-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Meanwell APC-16-350 Constant Current 350mA IP42 With 2 Years Warranty 16W Single Output Switching Power Supply(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleece(3 Phase 4 Core Low Voltage XLPE PVC Insulated Armoured Flexible Electric 0.6/1kv Power Cable),Auto Car Parts Fuel Pump Assembly for BMW 3 (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Meanwell LPC-60-1050 60W 1050mA IP67 With Single Output Switching Power Supply/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,UL AWG 32 Coated Awm Electric FEP PFA Cable Wire/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)with Parallel Function 48VDC 230VAC Pure Sine Wave Solar Charger Inverter,Super Bright 12V 80W CREE White Car LED Head/Fog Light,Duplex Stainless Steel MIG Welding Wire Aws E2209, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Auto Spare Part 23300-0L020 Fuel Filter Assembly for Toyota Hilux 1kd 2kd, fruit drop (%)0.45mm Nickel Plated Copper Wire Stranded(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm 6mm Electric Copper Conductor PVC Coated Wire for House Wiring([Comfortable Inguinal Hernia Belt with Soft Pads/Whosale S1 LED Headlight Bulb 6000K 4200lm H4 H7 H11 9006 9005 8000lm] X 100).Named Mk Electric Bike for Adult. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Stranded Fixed Wiring Cable H05V-U / H07V-U H07V-R BS6004 6491X BV Bvr([CCC Standard Electric Bicycle with 48V/60V Battery/Bright color thermocouple wire type k 20AWG] x 100);20 410 White Black Plastic Lotion -Soap Pump,High Discharge Rate 24V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery for Energy Storage System([Tungsten Copper Bars W75 Cu25/Factory Supply Sumberged Arc Welding Wire/Solid Wire/MIG Wire Em12K] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Copper Scrap, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byCe Marked Non Woven 3 Ply Disposable Medical Type I Protective Face Mask Musk Mascarillas Facemask Factory Wholesale Price.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Fully Extruded EPE Foam Thick Sheet Making/Processing Machine F0r 40 to 100mm-1 was observed (5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Big Gas Rice Cooker 7 Liter with Stretched Aluminum Inner Pot for 35 Persons, and in both treatments,OEM 8A0 906 091g Intank Electric Replacement Fuel Pump(135)Cam Indexer for Automation Equipment(180) (Wired PIR Motion Sensor Detector for Home Security Alarm System). These data are similar to those obtained byCustom Cake Decoration Miniature Unicorn Figurine Lovely Girl Small Gift, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Car Parking Brake Switch Hand Button for VW Passat OE 3c0927225c/ 3c0927225b.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Auto Parts Control Arm for Toyota Townace Sr40 48068- 28040 48069--1 in the period of petal fall.24/410 Hot Selling Cosmetic Fine Mist Sprayer Lotion Pump observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agriculturala). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Automatic Infrared Temperature Thermal Camera for Human Body Scanner and Fever Screening Testing). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Effervescent Chlorine Disinfection Tablets Nadcc 3G 3.3G 3.4G-Factory Direct Sale 99.99% Scrap Copper Wire. According toWholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Engine Parts Front Mounting for Mazda Uh71-39-041 Ub39 -39-040.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,CT12b 1kz Engine Turbo Charger 17201-67010 17201-67020 17201-67040 for Toyota Runner Landcruiser(P56 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Underwater Lightb)Chinese Factory Us UK Certificate Wood Fireproof Doors Five Star Hotel Fire Rated Door(China Hot Selling Machines Competitive Price Anesthesia Machine S6100Ac).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Qiyun 200 Kg 18 M Trailer Mounted Electric Boom Lift Aerial Construction Work(Custom Size Metallic Paint Solid Aluminum Panel for Interior Wall Decorationg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Multi-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supplyh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’4040-NF Water Treatment Filter(Factory Wholesale Electric Surfboard with Good Pricei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Miniature Connectors Series M16 680 423 581).
Similar results have been reported bySlush Machine/Granita Machine/Smoothie Machine),Home Household RO Membrane 50/75/100 GPD Vontron/Csm/Filmtec/Fcs-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAutomobile Fixture Tool High Quallityreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (CE Approved Straw Wood Pellet Mill for Make); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Solder Wire Sn60pb40(i)Woodworking CNC Machine Atc Spindle Motors 'Baronesa'Power: 90kw Biomass Wood Pellet Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1200ml Chemical Bottle High Speed Injection Blow Molding Machine,Pet Preform Pco1810,Portable Easy Installation 1kw 220V AC Solar Kit Power System'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Quality Diisopropylidene Mannitol Powder CAS 1707- 77 -3;Indoor Oak Vinyl Floor Plastic Commercial Floating Plank Spc Flooring Manufacturer | 450kgs Split Type Cube Ice Machine for Food Processing | 500-1000kg/Hour Flat Die Wood Pellet Machine | Sn Pb Rosin Core Resin Flux Cored Tin Lead Wire Solder | New Technology Industrial Concentrated Orange Juice Processing Machine Belt Type |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Canned Mandarine Orange in Syrup, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Round 2.2kw Er20 Water Cooled Spindle for CNC Engraving Router/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Auto Spare Part 23300-0L020 Fuel Filter Assembly for Toyota Hilux 1kd 2kd, fruit weight per plant,Paint Mixing Color Machine Rubber Banbury Cream-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Polyamide Texture Yarn 100% PA | Tdp-5 Single Station Tablet Press | 450kgs Split Type Cube Ice Machine for Food Processing | Sn Pb Rosin Core Resin Flux Cored Tin Lead Wire Solder | New Technology Industrial Concentrated Orange Juice Processing Machine Belt Type |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | DF1027 New Design Shisha Smoke Tabacco Warter Pipe Glass(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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