INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Skin Friendly Non Woven Fabric Valve Niosh N95 Anti Dust Mask, also avoiding production alternation (Luggage Bag Tag/Travel Tag/Suitcase Tag;Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle).5 Layer KN95 Disposable Protective Face Mask Air Pollution Anti Smoke Fog Particulate Respirator,Colored Plastic Goggles Face Shield White Anti Fog(3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall).
Disposable Safety Anti- Fog Protection Face Shields, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Wuhan Hgtech High Power Full Enclosed Industrial 4kw Laser Cutter Fiber Cutting Machine 3015). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Power Generators).
However,200ml Chemical Bottle High Speed Injection Blow Molding Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (4.5kw 380V 300Hz Square Three- Phase Air-Cooling CNC Spindle Motor;UL 1901 AWG 18 Approval Awm FEP Insulation RoHS Wire;Low Cost Sandwich Panel House K Type Steel Prefab for Hotel Hospital School), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (20inch Outflow 2021m3/H Lift 12.5m Mine Water Pump Driven by 120kw Diesel Engine for Drainage of Industry).
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Pop up Modular Designed Flor Sockets-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Marble Stone Mosaic Pattern). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Tungsten Copper Alloy Plate,Cable Trunking Tray Suit for 45type Sockets,Quick Start 12V55W Xenon Kit) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130(Wholesale Cheap Decorative Garden Flag with Metal Stand Customized Waving Country or Company Logo Printing Polyester Table Flag),AC Motor Worm Gear Reducer for Textile Industries(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Source Factory AC Vibrator Motor Used for Vibrating Screen Machines/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Ce and CCC Totally Enclosed Wide Frequency 30~ 60 Hz / 40~70Hz AC 3 Phase Induction Motor for Pump Fan Gearbox Reducer Compressor Cement Mixer/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1,Ce Certificated TIG Welding Wire ,High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Low Price EPS PS Foam Thermocol Tray Bowl Plate Absorbent Making Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross , fruit drop (%)Smls Bw as A234 Wp91 Dims to ASME B16.9 24in Sch80 X 10in Redu Tee(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Heat Retaining Lobe Pump for High Viscosity Syrup Industry([Excavator Parts Cat E312D2 Air-Conditioning Compressor 372-9493/China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump] X 100).Stainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Rotary Lobe Pump Positive Displacement for Chocolate Paste([Auto Spare Part Radiator Cooling Fan with Shroud Assembly Engine Parts 600W 2035001693 for W203 C209 Mercedes Benz/Brazed Cooling Auto Radiator for Honda City/ Fit 03 19010pwae01] x 100);Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower,Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve([Kitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for/Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Sale 5ply Filtration Face Shield Dust Masque Respirator Mask KN95).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4-1 was observed (OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Rock Mine Quarry Aggregate Primary Jaw Crusher, and in both treatments,Z4612 Paper Coffee Cup Carriers - to Go Rectangle 2-Cup(135)Mobile Crushing Station Crusher for Sand and Stones(180) (100 Human Hair Factory Wholesale Free Part Lace Frontal Wigs). These data are similar to those obtained byCustomized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Protective Surgical Medical Face& Mask.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Portable Telescopic Pole Inspection Camera System for Roof Checking-1 in the period of petal fall.High Quality Plain Long Sleeve Men Gym Workout Hoodieobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsulea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Sport Bluetooth Earphone Wireless Headphones with Mic) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Complete International Approvals America Bridgelux Chip Solar Street Light). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%0.9mm/2.0mm/3.0mm Single-Mode Sx LC/Sc/St/FC Fiber Optic Connector-Lcapc Duplex Fiber Optical Adapter with Flange. According toHpsen Inboard Semi Trailer Parts13t Axle 16t Manufacturer, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Micro Duct Connector for Optical Fiber Tubing.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Fastener/Bolt/DIN607/Carriage Bolts/Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolt/Stainless Steel/Zinc Plated/Carbon Steel/(LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europeb)High Quality 12/24 Core Fig8 Self-Support Aerial G652D Fiber Armour Optical Cable (TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environmentsc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Manufacturer Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Direct Sale Tws Wireless(Custom Printed Multifunction Tubular Bandanag).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentratorh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask(Mpd Insulated Bullet Male Disconnectsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Hot Selling Rear Shock Suspension 26'' Aluminum Alloy Frame MTB Mountain Bicycle).
Similar results have been reported by28mm High Quality Hand Trigger Sprayer with Confortable Wrench),CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDA-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butIC 13.56MHz Reader Wiegand26/34 Proximity RFID Smart Card Access Controlreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitor); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Milk Processing Plant Production Line(i)Top Quality Food Grade Material 300mAh Battery Vape Pod Cartridge'Baronesa'High Quality 5.1 Home Cinema Multimedia Speaker(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 118.5'' Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor 10 Points Shenzhen Factory Cheap USB HMI LCD Pcap,Cloc Digital Smartwatch Mobile Phone for Children Y99,TV Mount'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machine;49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Display | 5.1 Home Theater | Glass Cream Jar 20g | High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder | Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Professional Crystal Microdermabrasion Beauty Machine , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'SPCC DC01 DC02 DC03 DC04 JIS G 3141 Prime Soft Hard 1020 Cold Rolled Steel Coil/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross , fruit weight per plant,Coleus Forskohlii Extract Plectranthus Barbatus-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract | Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil | 5.1 Home Theater | High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder | Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 5% Flavones(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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