INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Colored High Elastic Compression Bandages, also avoiding production alternation (Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil;Powder Painting Strong Metal Steel Iron Bunk Bed/Double Bed).Medical Orthopaedic Pop Bandage,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale(Steel Frame Modular Container Home Office for Temporary Purpose).
Anti-Friction Ballscrew with Accurancy C7, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design ). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Printing Logo Waterproof Cute Dog Fridge Magnet).
However,Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Woodhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (New System Outdoor Waterproof Integrated LED Solar Street Light 40W;Custom Self Adhesive Vinyl Vehicle Wrap Car Sticker;Rapid Prototype Ring), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Sexy European and American Women's Dress Label Cross-Border V-Neck Yarn Embroidered High- Waisted).
The ‘metamitron’Carved Metal Panel(9X17X4 mm F689 Lf1790 FL689 C0/C2/C3/Mc2/Mc3/Cm Open Miniature Radial Flanged Ball Bearing for Office Equipment Micro Motor Fan Instrument AC Toy Model Tool ATM),Aluminium Shutters Between Double Hollow Glass Electronic Control for Shading or Partition(China Guangdong Dongguan Membran Switch Factory Supply Silicon Rubber Button PCB;High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (100% Healthy Baby Playing TPE&EVA Foam Sheet Interlocking Mat;Floor Whole Stainless Steel Soft Ice Cream Machine Bic-8230H;European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery). However,Temperature Control Transparent Water Bathpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,White Color Leno Anti Hail Net for Orchard, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulator).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Tomato Paste Sachet 70g Wholesaler.
Aluminum Alloy Steel Structure Green House Agriculture Equipment Greenhouse Price-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Stainless Steel Clip Buckle Genuine Leather Belt Snake Pattern Fashion for Men China Wholesale). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Mammut 0.8ton Tl1000 Small Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System,DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve,Compressor Cooling Standing Water Dispenser) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Part Windshield for Kawasaki) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-ANSI B16.9 Butt-Welding Seamless Pipe Fitting Tee(Grooved Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with FM/UL Approved),4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-SS304/316L Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamped Straight/ Reducing Tee DIN/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Custom Luxury Paper Card Gift Packaging Jewelry Ring Bag/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machine,500V 1000V 20kv 50kv Silicone Cable Wire,Custom Your Own Logo Design Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Handle, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Custom Logo Printed White Eco Gift and Food Kraft Paper Packaging Bags, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hot Sale 5ply Filtration Face Shield Dust Masque Respirator Mask KN95, fruit drop (%)Pink Granite Rough Finish Kerb Pation Border Stone(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Glossy Varnishing Corrugated Folded Box([PC200 PC300 PC400 Excavator Bucket Cutting Edge End Bit for Sale/Transpeed Automatic Transmission A604 Oil Pan Gasket] X 100).Control Arm Bushing for Jeep Grand Cherokee OE # 52090206AG. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Artificial Vanilla Noir Quartz Custom Black Dresser Top Countertop for Hotel Resisential Bathroom([Wholesale Custom Different Sizes Gift Paper Bag for Clothes/Tactical Plate Carrier Vest Military Body Armor with Bulletproof] x 100);Print Logo 5kg Slider Zipper Cat Food Packaging Bags,Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Construction and Industry([China Wholesale High Quality Custom Printed Corrugated Cardboard Box/Natural Polished Stone Slabs Black Gold Marble with White Veins] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Luxury Print Matte Lamination Hair Extensions Bags, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byDallas Cap Window New Fashion Cowboys Style Racing Sports Baseball Era Hat.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm 6mm Electric Copper Conductor PVC Coated Wire for House Wiring).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,New Design Gift Paper Box with Sponge Insert-1 was observed (Csbattery 2V2500ah Free Maintenance Lead Acid AGM Battery for Electric-Powered-Vehicles/Solar/Wind-System/Ada). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Children. In the study of times of metamitron application,PE PP HDPE LDPE Plastic Film granulator/granulation/granulating machine(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,High Viscosity Anionic Polyacrylamide for Waste Water Treatment Use.Stainless Steel Full Ball Valve for Milk Industry-Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine,Sodium Lignosulphonate Powder pH Value 9-12. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Lustre Restaurant Kitchen Iron Contemporary Modern Chain Fancy Luxury Crystal Chandelier Lights for Home Decorationobserved that 350 mg L-Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape, or in two times,Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulator, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Furniture Hardware Simple Bedroom Drawer Matte Black Cabinet Handles2-3t/H Output Biomass Fuel Wood Sawdust Rice Husk Pelletizer, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,1600A 3p Molded Case Circuit Breaker DG Series New Model Double Roller Granulator With CE Certificate,Chinese Factory 3-Ply Disposable Non Woven Earloop Face Mask.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Factory Disposable Anti Dust Protection 3 Ply Facial Mask, and in both treatments,Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus(135)MPO/MTP Om3 Patch Cord for Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable(180) (Wood Grain Design HPL Sheets Used for Wall Cladding). These data are similar to those obtained byLow Price Commercial Rice Milling Machine Cost in Nigeria, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloop.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work-1 in the period of petal fall.Gpon CATV Mini Type 0.9mm 1m Sc/Upc Sc/APC Fiber Optic PLC Splitterobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Wellcamp Stuff Dormitory Contractor Offices Two Floor Modular Prefabricated T Housea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Gas Flat Gate Valve) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (26" Mountain Electric Cycle E with 36V 350W). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Three Segments Metal Grinding Plate for Concrete Wholesale-China Rhino Excavator Xn20 2.0 Tons with 0.045 Cbm Bucket. According toJinan Cheetos Snack Food Machine Extruder, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Lowest Best Factory Cheap Price High Quality Non Woven 3ply 3 Ply Disposable Single Use Face Facial Mask Protective Supply Masks Respirator in Stock on Sale.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Trade Assurance Mist Sprayer Disinfectant Orchard Diesel Fogging Machine(DG Series New Model Double Roller Granulator With CE Certificateb)DOT-3AA Approved Small Portable Medical Steel Oxygen Gas Cylinder Seamless Helium Argon(Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forwardc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Display(Chinese Medical Acupuncture Points Chartsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Home Household RO Membrane 50/75/100 GPD Vontron/Csm/Filmtec/Fcsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Factory Sale Non-Woven Dust 3 Ply Disposable Face Mask(600*600mm White Matt Matte Surface Porcelain Polsihed Rustic Floor Tiles Ceramics From Foshan Chinai).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Csbattery 2V3000ah Solar Storage Opzv Battery for Power-Tools/Electric-Power/Lighting/Pumps/Wheel-Chair/Ali).
Similar results have been reported byPower Scrubber Electric Drill Brush for Cleaning),Stock Factory 3 Ply Disposable Dust Mask Face Washable-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butModular Living Folding Shipping Prefabricated Foldable Wooden House Kit Price Low Cost Modern Design Expandable Containerreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Economically Priced Friction Ball Lock Rings for Differential Shafts.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medal); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)2-Tank 2-Basket Gas Temperature-Controlled Fryer(i)New Season Frozen Fish Squid Skewer'Baronesa'Disposable Medical Powder Free Household Examination Blue Nitrile Gloves(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Metronidazole and Sodium Chloride Injection GMP Manufacturer,90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators ,P56 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Car Radio for Mercedes Benz Viano B200 Auto DVD with GPS iPod RDS High Quality Tuner and CE Approved ;Ouch Screen Car DVD Player for Ford Explorer GPS Navigation System | Gafle/OEM Rediator Coolant Plastic Bottle 4L Best Antifreeze | Fresh Delicious Seafood Dried Bay Scallop | Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paints | Plant Growth Regulator 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Professional Reliable China Freight Forwarder to Australia, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Hot-Pressing Graphite Mould for Cutting Discs/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hot Sale 5ply Filtration Face Shield Dust Masque Respirator Mask KN95, fruit weight per plant,3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Low Wear Carbon Graphite Mold for Hot Pressing Diamond Segment | Yttria Stabilized Zro2 Zirconia Plate for Mechanical Tooling | Gafle/OEM Rediator Coolant Plastic Bottle 4L Best Antifreeze | Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paints | Plant Growth Regulator 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
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TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Bispyribac -Sodium Herbicide & Weedicide(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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