INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,CE Approval Hospital Medical Instrument Automated Urine Analyzer, also avoiding production alternation (Wholesale Top Quality Flower Scent 1oz 29ml Travel Size Antibacterial Alcohol Waterless Gel Hand Sanitizer;C Curved LCD Screen with R1500 Curvature for Arcade Game Machine).Fashion Crystal Precious Stone Beaded Jewelry Bracelet ,Medical Blood Glucose Test Meter(Pipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning ).
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However,Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Righighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (6" 100V 6W Metal Ceiling Loudspeaker;PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets;Sheet Metal Fabricator Stainless Steel Stamping Part), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Portable Veterinary Ultrasound Mindray Cow Machine Price for Pig).
The ‘metamitron’Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain(China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply),High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China(Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials;PVC Pipe Extruding Making Machine). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid;China Lithium 250W 36V 10ah Cheap City Road Electric Bicycle for Adult;8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet). However,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinerypoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Clear/White Color Plastic PS Disposable Party Dessert Fork).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,OEM Breathable Economic Disposable Sleepy Baby Diaper for Africa.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Gmb Cleaning Machine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Hottest Factory Price Electric Drift Crazy Kart for Kids). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine,Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine,Japan Popular 230c Ceramic Electric Hair Straightening Brush ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Gmb Cleaning Machine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special(Door Switch /Refrigerator /Switch with Wire),Automatic High Speed Paper Lid Making Machine for Ice Cream Cup(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine,China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete,Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine, fruit drop (%)China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment([TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments/Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering] X 100).Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt([IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm/Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China] x 100);10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips,Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality([Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining/3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Virgin Indian Grey Hair Naturally Curly Fast Speed for You).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm-1 was observed (OEM High Precision Aluminum Medical Machinery Die Casting Parts). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Whiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women , and in both treatments,China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines(135)Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Drying(180) (GB680/0.7 0-680lph@7bar Diaphragm Metering Pump Mechanical Chemical Dosing). These data are similar to those obtained by7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm-1 in the period of petal fall.1100kg IQF Tunnel Freezer for Fruits/Vegetables/Meat/Fish/Shrimp/Pasta/Poultry with Certificateobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Batterya). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Zoomlion 13.8m Mobile Scissor Lift Zs1212HD Aerial Work Platform). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube-Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051. According toWholesale Low Price High Quality Vegetable Salad Dressing Sauce Mayonnaise, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings(24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Useb)Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction(Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lidc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit(UV Laser Marking Printing Machine 3W Marker for Non-Metals and Metalsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Factory Supply IP68 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lighth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k(Rexroth A10vso140 Dfri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Epoxy Polyester Electrostatic Spray Powder Coating for Electric Fan).
Similar results have been reported byA563 2h High Strength Structural Nuts),Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but30L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Unmanned Multi-Rotor Sprayersreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF(i)Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores'Baronesa'Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles,Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall,Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker;Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall | Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator | Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight | 823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System | Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine, fruit weight per plant,Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human | Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making | Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator | 823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System | Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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