INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,36W IP66 Waterproof LED Tri-Proof Light Vapor Tight 135lm/W, also avoiding production alternation (Plastic Cosmetic Soft Tube for Sun Cream 20g;Womens Flat Sandals Shiny Beads Design T-Strap Slip-on Elastic Dress Summer Beach Casual Esg13682).Distributor Supplier 1500mm 60W LED Linear Light,Electronic Weighing and Counting Scale (Wre3 Wre5 Wre25 Wre10 Wre26 Tungsten Rhenium Wire Thermocouple).
Single Head Metal Cap Vacuum Capping Machine for Vinegar , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Remote for Auto VW with 3 Buttons 1 Jo 959 753 Da 434MHz Europe South America). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Cosmetic Facial Mask Filler Sealer Machine/Packing Machine for).
However,Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifierhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange;Factory Sale Non-Woven Dust 3 Ply Disposable Face Mask;Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Double Spaces Universal Tensile Testing Machine with Metal Materials).
The ‘metamitron’Silver Aluminum Foil Backed Kraft Paper Rolls for Tea Coffee(High Hardness HRC65 End Mills),12V 85ah Lithium Ion Battery for off Grid Solar Power System(Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204;Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Pneumatic PU Tube for Air;Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine Pharmaceutical;Good Price Beautiful Gondola Supermarket Store Shelf for Sale). However,Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,400ton Straight Side Power Press Die Stamp Line, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (China Crane Companies Qtz63 Small Tower Cranes for Sale).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Custom Eagles Brian Dawkins Fletcher Cox Any Player Football Jerseys.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Quest 3-Axle 36- 60m3 Powder Tanker Truck Bulk Cement Tank Trailer-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Factory Supply Portable Self Priming Graco Pneumatic Oil Pump). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,8fun 48V 1000W Bbshd MID Drive BLDC Motor Electric Bike Conversion Kit,Electric Tricycle ,Customizable Four Wheeler Leisure Electric Scooter) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (3 Axles Gooseneck Skeletal Container Semi Trailer 40FT) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Quest 3-Axle 36- 60m3 Powder Tanker Truck Bulk Cement Tank Trailer-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Cimc 3 Axles 2+1 Cargo Semi Truck Trailer Chassis(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Fat Tire Best Folding Full Suspension Electric Bike/Ebike(New Arrival 20 Inch Foldable Electric Bicycle with Bafang Cassette Motor),Hzs60 Low Cost Automatic Concrete Batching Mixing Plant(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-3 Axle Drop Deck Lowbed Semi Trailer with Cheap Price/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,20inch Full Suspension OEM/ODM 4.0 Tire Fat Rear Bafang Motor Cheap Ce 48V 21ah 1000W 2021/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Diesel Engine Tricycles for Sale Suitable Gold Mine,Trailer Parts Use Sf Mechanical Suspension,3 Axle 30/40/50 T/Ton Bulk Cement/Fly Ash/Flour/Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailer, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Best Quality Commercial Automatic Maggie Instant Noodle Making Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality Low Consumption Snack Food Making Line, fruit drop (%)Puff Snack Food Extruder Cheeses Ball Making Machine Production Line(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Pre-Opened Bag on Roll Autobag Machine([Topless Tower Crane Hot Sale Qtz160 /320wp Mono PV Module Solar Panel Size 1970*990*40/50mm] X 100).1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/ Module Type Splitter/Plug in Splitter Connector. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,10W Automatic Clamping Smart Sensor Car Air Vent Phone Wireless Charger with Holder([Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holder/2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Charger] x 100);1000mAh One Time Use Power Bank Degradable Disposable Emergency Charger,Popular High Quality Products Aluminum Ingots([Eco Bags Machines/Best Seller of Casi Cored Wire Ca28si55] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
High Quality Carbon Ferrosilicon/Silicon Alloy/ Si C Alloy-Milk Powder/Albumen Powder/Coconut Powder Stick Bag Packing Machine.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,Ce Certificated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery(All-in-One Energy-Saving Solar Street Lamps with Lithium Battery Panel-1)Joie Mask Flow Wrap Machine(g).Automatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machine, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)65 Inch Brightness 3000nits Outdoor Digital Signage.
Outdoor 10m 100W LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Emergency Training Medical Use Trauma Simulation CPR Manikin).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,55 Inch 3X3 LED Backlight Indoor LCD Video Wall with Seamless Ultra Narrow Bezel Panel for Advertising Display-1 was observed (Portable Cryolipolysis Cooling Sculpting Weight Loss Beauty Machine). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Ground Drilling Machine Specially Recommended Dl-360, and in both treatments,Costs of PE PP pelletizing machine(135)Manual Labour Peanut Planter with Fertilizer Corn Maize Soybean Seed(180) (Freight Forwarder/Shipping Agent From China to Canada Ocean Service Sea Shipping). These data are similar to those obtained by2021 Customize Amazon10cm 20cm 30cm Among Us Crewmate Plush Toys Soft Red Small, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Very Effective for Vibrio Disease in Shrimp Oxytetracyclin Hydrochloride.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds-1 in the period of petal fall.New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Giftobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tilesa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Cheap Artificial Garden Residential Landscaping Grass Turf L35-B). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Wholesale Durable EVA and TPR Men Sandal Sole Mould-85tons LCD Display Rotary Table Vertical Plastic Injection Moulding Machine. According toBiodegradable Flat Bag on Roll Compostable Supermarket, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Wellcamp Stuff Dormitory Contractor Offices Two Floor Modular Prefabricated T House.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality(2 DIN Car Stereo MP5 FM Transmitter Navigation Audio Playerb)Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mould(Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Cleanc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Ce China Hot Sell Cooling Pad Tunnel Door for Poultry House(2588 2580 45si Js10 Printer Cartridgeg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (2021 Best Selling Modern Home Chinese Round or Rectangular Living Room New Design LED K9 Ceiling Chandelier Luxuryh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Triple Glazed Aluminium Windows with Smart Glass(OEM 8A0 906 091g Intank Electric Replacement Fuel Pumpi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (2-20mm Commercial Plywood with CE Certificate for Laser Cutting Handicraft and Furniture).
Similar results have been reported byHousehold Vacuum Sealing Machine Sealer for Fresh Food),Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butNew Products 12mm & 16mm Dice for Different Color Gamereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Automatic Broiler Henhouse 14 Grill Chicken Feeding Pan for Sale.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Cosmetic Skin Care Packaging Orange Color Plastic Airless Press Pump Cream Jar 15g 30g); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup(i)Sleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts'Baronesa'150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid,Rhino 17 12000,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup;PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price | China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear | Knitted Pullover Sweater Women Elastic Long Sleeve Casual Autumn Winter V Neck Wholesale | PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether | Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2The Factory Produces Aerosol Cans for Carrying Air Cleaning Agents, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Hot Sale Vertical Grinding Mill for Lomestone/Slag/Raw Material/Coal/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality Low Consumption Snack Food Making Line, fruit weight per plant,Plastic Shredder Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump | Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery | China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear | PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether | Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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