INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 , also avoiding production alternation (Best Price 50b24L Ns60L 12V 45ah Mf Korean Car Battery;500V 1000V 20kv 50kv Silicone Cable Wire).Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry,Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W(Hot Melt Glue Construction for Baby Diaper Sanitary Napkins).
2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (26*17" 21SPD Electric Moutain Bike). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Abrasion Tester Wear Resistance Testing Machine Friction Testers).
However,Best Performance Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Plate with E21 Systemhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke;TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130;Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Customized Women Fashion Beachwear Sexy Lady Printed Bikini).
The ‘metamitron’Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing(Disinfectant 3kg Oxygen Bleaching),Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar(Customized Design Canopy Promotion Gift Umbrellas Wine Bottle Outdoor Rain Folding Umbrella;Movable Church Auditorium P2.6 LED Display Front Open Indoor Rental Screen). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Compatible HP 62XL C2p04an C2p05an C2p06an C2p07an High Capacity Ink Cartridge for Officejet 5740 5742 5744 5745 5746;Dried Vegetables and Sweet Potato Drying Machine;CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer). However,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Badges point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Three Handles New Slimming Kryolipolyse Weight Loss Cellulite Removal Cryotherapy Machine).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake.
CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Plastic Face Shield All-Round Protection). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker,Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price,125ton/160ton/200t Hydraulic Plate Folding Machine/CNC Sheet Metal Machine) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Q35y-40 E21 CNC Servo Hydraulic Ironworker 40mm Metal Sheet Iron Worker) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Best Performance Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Plate with E21 System(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Auto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine (2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker),Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher,China Wheat Grinding Machine Sale in Ethiopia ,Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment, fruit drop (%)Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High quality([Abamectin 1.8% + acetamiprid 3.2%EC Hot selling!!/Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window] X 100).Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching([Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola/Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandals] x 100);The Mose Comfortable Designer Shoes,High Quality Electric Aluminum Roller Shutter with Different Colors([Wedge Heel Lady Sandal Shoes/Foam Filled Aluminum Rolling Shutter for Windows] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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50mm Thick Square Double Glass Window, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by5years Warranty CE/RoHS LED Parking Area Light 150W.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Foodstuff Scilating Granulator & Pulverizer ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Passenger Waiting Bus Shelter Advertising Stop Sign-1 was observed (Custom Logo Printed White Eco Gift and Food Kraft Paper Packaging Bags). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Empty 100ml Round Reed Diffuser Aroma Glass Bottle, and in both treatments,Wholesale 5V 3AMP 15W Adapter Power with Interchangeable Plug Miro or Type C Jack(135)HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic(180) (2MP/5MP Auto Tracking 20X Zoom PTZ Waterproof IP66 Poe IP Security CCTV Camera). These data are similar to those obtained byFactory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Protein Powder Storage Supplement Container Dietary HDPE Bottle Plastic Golden Chromed Jar.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Factory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die-1 in the period of petal fall.DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TCobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Fast Shipping 3ply Facial Medical Surgical Maska). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (OEM Kitchen Shelf Adjustable Stainless Steel Dish Drying Rack) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (0.91m3 Bucket 21t Zx210-6 Used Hitachi Excavator Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Soundproof-Heavy Duty Backup 660kVA 630kVA 600kVA Perkins Diesel Power Generator Genset with Turbo Common -Rail Injection Jet Electronic. According to316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Custom Printed 10oz Kids 12oz PLA Single Wall Paper Cold Cup.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel(Mobile Phone LCD Screen for Samsung J701/J7 2021/J7 Neob)Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer(Electric Clamshell Bucket Grab Pricec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing(40g Qsfp Sr4 850nm 100m MPO Optical Transceiverg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mouldh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Ck46p 3-Axis Slant Bed CNC Turning Center Metal Cutting Lathe(RGBW 10W 1LED PAR 16 New LED Can Lighti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (High Quality Motorcycle Spead Part Lever Gn).
Similar results have been reported by304ss Industrial Enzyme Filtration Microfilter),SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butK Type T IEC High Voltage 33kv Dropout Fuse Linkreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer .9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (House Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From China); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair(i)China Manufacture Top Forestry Machinery 10ton Wood Log Grapple Loader with Crane'Baronesa'USA Modern Adjustable Comfortable MID Back Rolling Home Office Chair with Low Price High Quality(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts;PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm | Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel | OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade | Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe | Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'a-010 Men Steel Toe Shoes Fashion Waterproof Safety Boots/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment, fruit weight per plant,Cut-Resistant Safety Gloves for Industry Latex Coated Work-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles | Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set | Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel | Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe | Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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