INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Topless Tower Crane Hot Sale Qtz160 , also avoiding production alternation (Vecinda Cbd Atomizer 900 mAh Rechargeable Twist Voltage EGO Battery;New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries).320wp Mono PV Module Solar Panel Size 1970*990*40/50mm,1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/ Module Type Splitter/Plug in Splitter Connector(Niloticus Frozen Fish Seafood Black Tilapia Fillet Skinned).
10W Automatic Clamping Smart Sensor Car Air Vent Phone Wireless Charger with Holder, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Sinotruck HOWO 420HP Prime Mover).
However,Cold Storage Plant Refrigerated Warehouse Room Partshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (36W IP66 Waterproof LED Tri-Proof Light Vapor Tight 135lm/W;DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve;Qiyun CE 8t 10t 12t Mobile Yard Ramp for Loading and Unloading Goods with The Forklift), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (20W 40W 50W 70W LED Waterproof Fixtures Tri Proof Light).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Best Seller of Casi Cored Wire Ca28si55-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Graphite Crucible for Gold/Silver/Precious Metal Containing Melting and Casting). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,High Quality Carbon Ferrosilicon/Silicon Alloy/ Si C Alloy,Milk Powder/Albumen Powder/Coconut Powder Stick Bag Packing Machine,Ce Certificated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (All-in-One Energy-Saving Solar Street Lamps with Lithium Battery Panel) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Best Seller of Casi Cored Wire Ca28si55-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Joie Mask Flow Wrap Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Automatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machine(65 Inch Brightness 3000nits Outdoor Digital Signage),Outdoor 10m 100W LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-55 Inch 3X3 LED Backlight Indoor LCD Video Wall with Seamless Ultra Narrow Bezel Panel for Advertising Display/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Outdoor Waterproof LED Solar Street Light 40W Split/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)46 Inch Outdoor Flood Standing Digital Monitor,30W,Creative LED Light, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Manufacturers 100 Watt LED Street Light 1000 Motion Sensor Solar, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Qty6-15c Fully Automatic Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale, fruit drop (%)6m 30W High Power LED Intelligent Solar Street Lights(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Chemical Lace for Clothing/Garment/Shoes/Bag/Case ([Portable Air Soldering Welding Smoke Fume Extractor with HEPA Filter Absorber Machine/Solar System Rooftop Factroy Roof 3kw 5kw 6kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw Power] X 100).Dallas Cap Window New Fashion Cowboys Style Racing Sports Baseball Era Hat. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Chemical Paint Mixer Liquid([Temperature Control Transparent Water Bath/New System Outdoor Waterproof Integrated LED Solar Street Light 40W] x 100);Sofiderm Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler for Cosmetic Surgery Deep 2.0ml with Ce Approval,Low Price Commercial Rice Milling Machine Cost in Nigeria([Good Price Beautiful Gondola Supermarket Store Shelf for Sale/Popular Retail Store Rack Supermarket Shelf] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality-1 was observed (5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchang Table for Metal Cutting-3000W, and in both treatments,Cosmetic Skin Care Packaging Orange Color Plastic Airless Press Pump Cream Jar 15g 30g(135)Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup(180) (Powder Coat 30oz Stainless Steel Insulated Vacuum Tumbler Chinayetiprice Custom Logo). These data are similar to those obtained byCustom Cake Decoration Miniature Unicorn Figurine Lovely Girl Small Gift, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Sleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar-1 in the period of petal fall.24/410 Hot Selling Cosmetic Fine Mist Sprayer Lotion Pump observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agriculturala). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Fitness Anti-Slip Non-Porous High Quality Cow Mat). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid-Rhino 17 12000. According toWholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup(P56 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Underwater Lightb)PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price(China Hot Selling Machines Competitive Price Anesthesia Machine S6100Ac).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether(Annealed Steel SS420/S136/1.2083 In Flat Bar Round for Plastic Mouldg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Multi-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supplyh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump(Factory Wholesale Electric Surfboard with Good Pricei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Miniature Connectors Series M16 680 423 581).
Similar results have been reported bySlush Machine/Granita Machine/Smoothie Machine),Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butMulti Disc Screw Press Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Printing and Dyeing Better Than Beltreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Crunchy Cheesy Puffs Corn Chips Processing Line(i)Ce Standard Fried Snacks Food Making Machine'Baronesa'Cap Badge(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Denim Silk Screen Printed Main Brand Label for Garments,Customized Logo Free Sample Hotel Use Wooden Closed Security Ring Wood/Coat/Suit/ Deluxe /Thick/Laundry/Wooden/Clothes/Cloth/Clothing/Shirt/Garment/Hotel Rack,High Precision Slant Bed Torno Mecanico CNC Lathe Machine with Taiwan Technology'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory-Supplied Deluxe Custom Velvet Wooden Suit Hangers with Clips;Good Selling--Woven Label --Embroidered Woven for Garment | Customized Laminated Engineer Veneer Hotel Door with Card Lock System | Steel Frame Modular Container Home Office for Temporary Purpose | Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzle | Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Low Cost Sandwich Panel House K Type Steel Prefab for Hotel Hospital School/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Qty6-15c Fully Automatic Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale, fruit weight per plant,Sandwich Panel Prefabricated House Portable Warehouse-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | OEM Chrome Adjustable Highway Offset Motorcycle Foot Peg Mounts Kit | High Speed Ditch Digger Max Ditching Depth 1400mm | Customized Laminated Engineer Veneer Hotel Door with Card Lock System | Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzle | Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayer(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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