INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce, also avoiding production alternation (Darlly 115mm Diameter Big Blue PP GF Pes Pleated Filter Cartridge for Drinking Water RO Prefiltration Small and Medium Size Treatment Systems;2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand).HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine,Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipment(Juice/Honey Aseptic Bottling Machine).
0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (China Factory CNC Processing Steel Brushless Motor Miniature Shaft). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Q8 Smart Steel Bracelet OLED Color Screen Fashion Fitness Tracker Blood Pressure Watch).
However,1200 Ton Auto Parts Metal Stamping Hydraulic Deep Drawing Presshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection;High Speed Carton Erecting Machine with Automatic Gluing and Folding;2021 Holland Velvet Dyeing with Shiny Colorful Foil Fancy Upholstery Furniture Sofa Fabric Home Textile), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Super Corrosion-resistant Plastic Mould Steel DIN 1.2316 Upergrade 1.2083).
The ‘metamitron’Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing(C6 S1 S2 X3 K1 2PCS Car Headlight Csp SMD Chip H7 LED Bulbs H4 H1 H8 H11 Headlamps Kit 9005 9006 for Auto 12V Lamp 12000lm),HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds(G2/ L2 1300-24 1400-24 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire;Customized Copper Cable Lugs Crimp Type Terminal). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool;Bowling Equipment;Factory-Made Clear Versatile Nonslip Acrylic Plastic Customized Serving Tray). However,20FT/40FT Electric Fixed Length Container Spreaderpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Viscosity Anionic Polyacrylamide for Waste Water Treatment Use).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Nmrv Worm Gearbox for Brewing and Distilling). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities,High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration,Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System(Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed),Calcined Pet Coke(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacturer in China/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Washable Baby Cloth Changing Pad/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves,2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12,Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Quality Oilless Guide Bush , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025, fruit drop (%)Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter([Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shipping/Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid] X 100).1080P HD Sdi Waterproof Camera . Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mould([Chain Saw /Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked] x 100);Top Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device,Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit([[Qisong] Electric Suction Door Auto Closer for FAW-Volkswagen Bora/Experienced Latex Yoga Exercise Pull up Assist Bands China Supplier] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (ANSI 4 Inch Dual Plate Spring Loaded Wafer Small Check Valve Price).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship-1 was observed (Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-High Waist Butt Life Workout Leggins Women Fitness Wear Gym Yoga Pants Camo Leggings for, and in both treatments,Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing(135)PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothing(180) (Environmental Friendly EEC Certificated Electric Truck on Sale). These data are similar to those obtained byZp80 100g 200g 250g TCCA Tablets Press for Water Purification Salt Blocks, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Disposable Hot Sale Waterproof Daliy Work Clothes Isolation Gown.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Ce-1 in the period of petal fall.Mini Size 4in1 Multi-Function Magnetic Sensor Door Window Refrigerator Security Alarmobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (En10327 2004 Customized Hot DIP/Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Hdgi/Gi in Plain/Flat/ Plate/Strip Film for Roofing Sheet/Ibra). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Basics Collection Garden Decor Metal Wind Spinners Stake) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Custom Coffee Logo Printed Disposable Paper Cup 350ml for). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%AAMI/Ce/FDA Water Repellent Plastic PE Coated Disposable Isolation Cover Gown-Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop. According toFactory White Earloop 5 Ply Dust KN95 FFP2 Face Mask for Virus Prevention, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Customzed Catering Mobile Fast Cart Kiosk Soft Drink Food Trolley(Print Logo 5kg Slider Zipper Cat Food Packaging Bagsb)Food Trailer/Cart with Good Design and High Quality for Sale(12 Touch Bluetooth Headset Tws Wireless Earbuds Stereo in-Ear Headphonesc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Walkie 1.5t 1500kg Scale Electric Pallet Truck(Plush Llama Stuffed Animals Yamma Wholesale Toys Kidsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Quality Oil Filter Manufacturer P550920 Diesel Lf17475 Autoh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart(228.6X300.038X31.75mm 544090/118 544090-99401 Inch Single Row Tapered Roller Bearing 544090/544118i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (High Quality in Stock CAS 6080-56-4 with Fast Delivery 99% Lead-Acetate Trihydrate).
Similar results have been reported byCommercial Indoor Automatic Transfer Switch for Double Power Supply ),Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butBuilding Material for Decoration Using Gioss Color Aluminum Composite Panelreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,500- 3000kg /H Waste Plastic Pet Water Bottle Flakes Recycling Washing Plant.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal(i)350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble'Baronesa'M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine;Portable Fully Stainless Steel Structure Autoclave Steam Sterilizer 35L | Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer | HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer | Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand | Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Ql-500 Hydrogen Gas Generator for Fid, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Epistar LED Flood Light outdoor 50W Floodlight/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025, fruit weight per plant,Automatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Grey Color PVC Pn10 Socket Coupling for Water Supply | High Quality Solid Wood Heavy Duty Thickness Planer | Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer | Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand | Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Stainless Steel 304 Quick Coupling for Food Industry(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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