INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Party Home Wedding Restaurant Metal Coffee Auditorium Banquet Church Chair, also avoiding production alternation (Gw Carbide - Tungsten Shim for Turning Insert with High Quality;Large Air Volume Plastic Window Industrial Evaporative Cooler).Customize Foil Compostable Zipper Food Packaging-Stand up Bag Custom Laminated Flexible Aluminum Plastic Packaging Mylar,My-A010g 128 Elements Wireless Linear Probe(Hot Sale G80 G95 G125 E26 B22 LED Filament Bulb).
Professional Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Neodymium Big Line Array System Vr36, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (China Square Round Glass Bottle Perfume 100ml).
However,Promotional Zinc Alloy Metal Medal government Badge Lapel Pin highlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Skin Care Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Gel Ha Acido Hialuronico Hyaluronic Acid;18W SMD 2835 Square LED Panel Light;Hydraulic Rubber Ground Tile Press / Mat Vulcanizer/Rubber Bricks Making Machine Machinery), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Thermosetting Powder Coatings).
The ‘metamitron’All Stainless Steel Structure Hygienic Pressure Transmitter(PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether),Mobile Case Printing Machine(Disposable Medical Cotton Bud with Plastic Stick;Zinc Alloy Furniture Handle ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (2 Bedrooms Prefabricated Houses Modern Cheap Prefab Homes for Sale;Car Tyre Radial Truck From China;Back up Power 12V 50ah 100ah 200ah Lithium LiFePO4 Battery). However,PCB Drilling Machine Spindle with Automatic Tool Changepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Customized Print Tinplate Square Empty Tin Oil Cans with Metal Japan Caps for Auto Motorcycle, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (The Mose Comfortable Designer Shoes).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (ECG Heart Rate Blood Pressure Monitor GPS Health Smart Watch with Sos Call). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Factory Customized Bare Copper Electric Wire,440V Induction Heating Machine 25kw,5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Battery) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization WiFi Antenna) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extruder Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Yn725g CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin(The Most Powerful Eno Guitar Tuner with Metronome and Tone Generator),Dtp606090 Solar Lithium Battery 3.7V Polymer 4000mAh Lipo Batteries(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-China Guangdong Dongguan Membran Switch Factory Supply Silicon Rubber Button PCB/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Lay4-Es142 Plastic Mushroom Head Emergency Push Button Switch with Key/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Professional Speaker Full Range Loudspeaker Two-Way KTV Audio System with Ks10,1600A 3p Molded Case Circuit Breaker ,Oral Anabolic Sarms Steroids Supplements ACP-105 Capsule Fast Delivery Hot Sales Canada CAS 899821-23-9, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Hyundai Cylinder Head Assy D4ea Elantra/Trajet/ Santa Fe/Tucson/Sonata NF, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653, fruit drop (%)Brand New Aluminum Auto Condenser Peugeot 106 Gti Rallye/Citroen Saxo/Vtr 1996-2001 99 Radiator(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Disposable Sterile safety Twist Blood Lancet with Cheap Price 21g- 30g([Aluminium Alloy Anal Plug with Heart Shape Diamond/Plastic Cosmetic Soft Tube for Sun Cream 20g] X 100).PA System Three-Way Touring Line Array Speaker. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,12inches PA Speaker Audio Component([Plush Beige Color Long Ear Bunny/Plush Custom Stuffed Animals Cute Rabbit Toy] x 100);Anti-Storm Roofing Material Factory Prices Types of Stone Coated Rooftop 3 Tab Asphalt Shingle Roof Tile,Y81f-200A Hydraulic Scrap Metal Baler Machine([Guangzhou Factory Price Zinc Aluminium Roofing Sheets in Jamaica/Stainless Steel/HDG/Ultra Al-Zinc Alloy Evaporative Condenser for R717 /Ammonia Refrigeration] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Nitrogen Gas Cylinder, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Cheap Remote Control Command for Wireless Alarm Door Gate Garage EV1527).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,2021 Zhongshan Furniture Director L Shaped Wood Latest Executive Office Workstation Partition-1 was observed (Alumina Ceramics Precision Machining Aluminum Nitride). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery, and in both treatments,55 L Rubber Kneader/Kneader/Kneader Machine(135)Health Food(180) (Restaurant Wrapping Powder Table Manual Breading). These data are similar to those obtained byAll-in-One Energy-Saving Solar Street Lamps with Lithium Battery Panel, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Professional Crumb Rubber Making Machine.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Animal Feed Chicken-1 in the period of petal fall.Factory Price Sodium Benzoate Preservativeobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Locka). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Fsc Standard 100% Virgin Bamboo Pulp Soft Toilet Paper Bathroom) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Supply High-End Figurines with Polystone Material). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Ht-112 Solar Chicken Egg Incubator for Sale Mini-Full Nutrtion Mixed Roasted Bean Dried Fruits Snacks Bulk Packing. According toForestry Timber Trailer for Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Used Original Komatsu PC220 18m Long Boom Excavator.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Agriculture Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z for Wheat /Rice/Soybean/Corn(Hot Selling Durable Handscraped Brazilian Cherry Wood Parquet/Brazilian Jatoba Parquet Floor b)Soy Bean Curd Sheet(Automatic Micro Paddle Type Flow Switch Waterproof Max 1.5MPa Pressurec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Flour /Milk Powder Packing Machine Vertical Form Fill Seal 1kg Pouch Packaging(New Square Shape 240ml 8oz Milk Glass Bottle with Plastic Lidg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Steam Formaldehyde Chemical Spray Paint Pesticide Coal Mine h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Aufine 16.00r25 off Road Tyre with High Quality(Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Linei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida).
Similar results have been reported byGlass Polishing Abrasive Brown Fused Alumina Bfa for Sand Blasting),Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butStainless Steel Bellows with SS304 / SS316L Ss321reported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Ultra -Low Temperature Strong Cooling Glycol Small Water Chiller for Food); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Polyethylene Plastic Composite Road Mat Heavy Duty Construction Matting Oil Field Portable Roads(i)100% Healthy Baby Playing TPE&EVA Foam Sheet Interlocking Mat'Baronesa'Industrial Anti-Slip Black Wide Ribbed Rubber Mats Flooring Sheets Mat(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Fabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Mat,Anti Slip Safety Interlocking Hollow Rubber Floor Mats for Deck/Boat/Outdoor/Kitchen,Molded 3D Mats EVA Car Mat Rubber Floor'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Self Leveling Metallic Epoxy Resin and Hardener for Floor/ Flooring;3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall | Wooden Grain Foam Board Mat EVA Interlocking Tiles Puzzle Wood with Borders | Ash Color Lowest Price 8mm Textured Oak Wood Laminate Flooring with White Underlayment | PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets | Hot Sale Good Quality Bedroom Decoration Wax Waterproof Parquet Laminate Flooring |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Modern Style Wooden Texture Laminating Floor AC3 AC4 HDF Tile PVC Flooring, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Mixed Colors Grid Design Modern Flat Wooden Texture Laminating Flooring Easy to Install and Clean/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653, fruit weight per plant,Wear Resistance Customized UHMWPE Hpde PE 1000 500 Sheet-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Water-Saved Air Bubble Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine | High Temperature Resistance TPV | Wooden Grain Foam Board Mat EVA Interlocking Tiles Puzzle Wood with Borders | PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets | Hot Sale Good Quality Bedroom Decoration Wax Waterproof Parquet Laminate Flooring |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Customized White Plastic ABS / POM CNC Machining Parts(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Capillary Crystalline Paint Building Material Waterproof Coating. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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