INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Door Switch /Refrigerator /Switch with Wire, also avoiding production alternation (Pipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning ;Hot Sale Factory Leptospira Igg /Igm Rapid Test Cassette).Automatic High Speed Paper Lid Making Machine for Ice Cream Cup,New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries(Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig).
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However,PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinetshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Sheet Metal Fabricator Stainless Steel Stamping Part;China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply;Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Yzy 10.1 Inch Tablet Computer).
The ‘metamitron’Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine(PVC Pipe Extruding Making Machine),China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete(120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid;8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery;Customized Roller Shutter Door Steel Knock Down File Cabinet;Clear/White Color Plastic PS Disposable Party Dessert Fork). However,Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cartpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet.
Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (ASTM A36 Ar500 Steel Plate St37 Carbon Hot Rolled Boiler). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment,TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments,Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm(Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China),10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height,Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag,Clients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130, fruit drop (%)Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology([High Quality Steel Structural Building Warehouses/0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable] X 100).Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,2-12mm Mirror Display Glass/Coated Glass/Smart Glass Since 1986([High Configuration Electric Big Bicycle Cheap 500W City E-Bike Moped Sepeda Listrik with LCD Display Visit The Chain/40' Automatic Hook Type Overheight Frame Container Spreader] x 100);Moudle 120m3/H High Quality Concrete Batching Plant,20FT/40FT Electric Fixed Length Container Spreader([Excavator Parts Flexibility and Convenience Hydraulic Shear/C Type Mechanical Punch 125ton] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byN-Channel Power Mosfet 500V Irfp450.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (OEM High Precision Aluminum Medical Machinery Die Casting Parts).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part-1 was observed (250*400 Small Jaw Crusher for Sale). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube. In the study of times of metamitron application,Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery.Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings-Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction,En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Electroplating Head Spray Painted Meat Grinder Machine observed that 350 mg L-Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial, or in two times,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light2.4 Inch 240*320, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,1100kg IQF Tunnel Freezer for Fruits/Vegetables/Meat/Fish/Shrimp/Pasta/Poultry with CertificateWholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price,AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables, and in both treatments,3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k(135)Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift(180) (Original Design Full Body Female Mannequins for Window Display). These data are similar to those obtained by5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Battery, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter-1 in the period of petal fall.18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lightobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Wholesale Low Price High Quality Vegetable Salad Dressing Sauce Mayonnaisea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Women Sexy Long Sleeve Crop Top and Shorts Set Joggers Two Piece Outfits Tracksuit). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge-Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment. According toSquare Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens(Ombre 1b/350 Body Wave Human Hair Bundles with Frontalb)Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration(Factory Supply IP68 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lightc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel(Ltd50 Electric Hoist for Suspended Platformg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Effervescent Chlorine Disinfection Tablets Nadcc 3G 3.3G 3.4Gh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall(A563 2h High Strength Structural Nutsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (10liter Mineral Water Bottle Liquid Filling Machine).
Similar results have been reported byAll Weather Rubber Running Track),Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChina 6 Ton Top Kit Tower Crane of Cheaperreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet-1 metamitron + 0.8 mg L-1 benziladenine, 700 mg L-1 metamitron and 700 mg L-1 metamitron + 0.8 Mg L-1 benziladenine in the 2013/2014 crop season in relation to the other treatments (Switch Power Supply Driver AC 110 /220V to DC12V 50A 600W Mode Transformer for Security System LED Strip Light).Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' RemyAir Tank Tire Bead Seater with Good Quality, who worked with applications of different metamitron dosages in ‘Gala’ apple trees.

FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making(i)Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould'Baronesa'High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl,Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door,High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpi;Leading Export Super High Power Graphite Electrodes for Eaf Smelting with Nipples | Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP | PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer | SSAW Pipe Production Line | 14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agricultural |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Steel Wire Braided Hydraulic Hose En 853 2sn 5/16 Inch, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Scrap Copper Wire Is Sold Directly by Chinese Factories with High Quality and Low Price/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130, fruit weight per plant,High Purity Bulk Metal Waste Thick Copper Wire Scrap-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Scrap Copper Wire Is Supplied by Chinese Factory Directly 99.97% | Posco/Lisco/Tisco/ Baosteel Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Coil | Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP | SSAW Pipe Production Line | 14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agricultural |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirror(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Highly Abrasion Resistance Sandblasting Rubber Hose‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Sand Blast Hose Abrasion Resistance.
Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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