INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, also avoiding production alternation (Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless;Bronzed Color Surface Mounting Light Switch for European Market).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin,2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack(American Style UPVC/PVC Profile Plastic Sliding Window with Grill).
Factory Customized Bare Copper Electric Wire, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Bedroom Furnitures Accessories Metal Door Handles for Drawer). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (920 Cardboard Box Packaging Flexo Printing Machine for Corrugated Carton).
However,Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styleshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Sterilize Disposable Medical Protective Clothing with Ethylene Oxide Use in ICU;Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister;Customizable Manufacturer Ce Jl 4000W Adult Four Wheel Electric Car), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Flat Large Horizontal Silk Screen Printing Machine/Machinery).
The ‘metamitron’440V Induction Heating Machine 25kw(Office Fashion Design Execution Table ),5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Battery(Chengli Brand 3 Axles 40FT Flat Bed Container Semi Trailer 40~50tons;8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayer). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Tecon Scaffolding Q235 Steel British Type Double Coupler;Manufacturer Custom Cmyk Sublimation Dye Printed Patch Embroidered Patches;Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment). However,Single Arm for Endoscopy Medical Pendantpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization WiFi Antenna, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Glossy Varnishing Corrugated Folded Box).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extruder Machine.
Yn725g CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,The Most Powerful Eno Guitar Tuner with Metronome and Tone Generator-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Cheap Trike Electric Cargo Tricycle Cabin in Good Quality). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Dtp606090 Solar Lithium Battery 3.7V Polymer 4000mAh Lipo Batteries,China Guangdong Dongguan Membran Switch Factory Supply Silicon Rubber Button PCB,Lay4-Es142 Plastic Mushroom Head Emergency Push Button Switch with Key) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Professional Speaker Full Range Loudspeaker Two-Way KTV Audio System with Ks10) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,The Most Powerful Eno Guitar Tuner with Metronome and Tone Generator-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)1600A 3p Molded Case Circuit Breaker (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Oral Anabolic Sarms Steroids Supplements ACP-105 Capsule Fast Delivery Hot Sales Canada CAS 899821-23-9(Hyundai Cylinder Head Assy D4ea Elantra/Trajet/ Santa Fe/Tucson/Sonata NF),Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Brand New Aluminum Auto Condenser Peugeot 106 Gti Rallye/Citroen Saxo/Vtr 1996-2001 99 Radiator/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Disposable Sterile safety Twist Blood Lancet with Cheap Price 21g- 30g/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Aluminium Alloy Anal Plug with Heart Shape Diamond,Plastic Cosmetic Soft Tube for Sun Cream 20g,PA System Three-Way Touring Line Array Speaker, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)12inches PA Speaker Audio Component, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Plush Beige Color Long Ear Bunny, fruit drop (%)Plush Custom Stuffed Animals Cute Rabbit Toy(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Anti-Storm Roofing Material Factory Prices Types of Stone Coated Rooftop 3 Tab Asphalt Shingle Roof Tile([Y81f-200A Hydraulic Scrap Metal Baler Machine/Guangzhou Factory Price Zinc Aluminium Roofing Sheets in Jamaica] X 100).Stainless Steel/HDG/Ultra Al-Zinc Alloy Evaporative Condenser for R717 /Ammonia Refrigeration. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Zb-401 Series PVC Processing Aid([Accurate Measurement Digital Thermometer for Family /Coca-Cola Style Tube Mold Bottle Embryo] x 100);Wholesale Cartridge Vape Battery EGO Tube Bottom Twist to Adjust Voltage,China Jetstream Bypass Valve for Water Blasting Machine([Hydraulic Cylinder Double Acting 800 Ton RAM China for Sale/Motorcycle/Motorbike Spare Parts Central Bending Plate for Ktm 110cc] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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New Style Office Metal Wood Partition, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described bySteel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Children).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,2021 High Quality Iget Shion Disposable Ecig Vape 600puffs-1 was observed (Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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250ml Round Wine Bottles Sealed with Buckle Transparent Storage Glass Bottle. In the study of times of metamitron application,High Quality 50t Wheat Flour Mill China Supplier (34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,High Quality Automatic Wheat Flour Milling Machine.Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality -European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery,55 L Rubber Kneader/Kneader/Kneader Machine. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Inrico Android 7.0 4G Walkie Talkie T520 4000mAh Play Back Functionobserved that 350 mg L-Health Food, or in two times,Professional Crumb Rubber Making Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,CNC Lathe Turning Machining Custom Water Hose ConnectorsAnimal Feed Chicken, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Aluminum Alloy Plate Tensile Strength Universal Testing MachineHt-112 Solar Chicken Egg Incubator for Sale Mini,Full Nutrtion Mixed Roasted Bean Dried Fruits Snacks Bulk Packing.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Used Original Komatsu PC220 18m Long Boom Excavator, and in both treatments,Agriculture Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z for Wheat /Rice/Soybean/Corn(135)Soy Bean Curd Sheet(180) (Poultry Manure Fertilizer Disc Pelletizer). These data are similar to those obtained by5.1CH Home Theatre System , who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,500g Semi Automatic Large Quantitative Coffee Powder Flour Particles Filling Machine.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,100g Healthy Rich in Calcium Crispy Biscuit Milk Salty Soda Cracker-1 in the period of petal fall.Random Length Smooth Teak Parquetry Flooring observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletopa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Feelingtop Fashionable Design Aluminium Glass Sunroom). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Flour /Milk Powder Packing Machine Vertical Form Fill Seal 1kg Pouch Packaging-Smart Aluminium LED Light Walking Sticks Telescopic FM Sos Flashlight GPS Positioning Cane. According toRhino 17 12000, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Wp16 215/60r15 Chinese Passenger Car Tyres.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Chinese Best Quality Price Car Tire with White Sidewall (Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience b)Fuel Injection Common Rail Injector 0445120054 for Bosch Iveco Eurocargo 504091504 2855491 0 445 120 054(AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Linesc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Rt -80sm Double End Tube Chamfering Machine for and Bar(Quality Promotional Bodyboard with Customized Design Evilg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Disposable Sterilized Non-Absorbable Surgical Cassette Polyester Suture for Veterinary Useh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Metal Wire Hanging Shower Caddy (High Quality Hollow Design Customized Avalible Wedding Invitation Cardi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Stainless Steel 304 Quick Coupling for Food Industry).
Similar results have been reported byConvenient Operation Disposable Paper Plates/Tray/Coaster Manufacturing Machine with CE),Copper Plating Chrome-Plating Metal Wire Bathroom Hanging Shower Caddy-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butBest Natural Hair Color with Permanent Creamreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,High Strength Steel Welding Wire Er100s-G 15kg /D300 Spool.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Self Leveling Metallic Epoxy Resin and Hardener for Floor/ Flooring); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall(i)Wooden Grain Foam Board Mat EVA Interlocking Tiles Puzzle Wood with Borders'Baronesa'Ash Color Lowest Price 8mm Textured Oak Wood Laminate Flooring with White Underlayment(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets,Hot Sale Good Quality Bedroom Decoration Wax Waterproof Parquet Laminate Flooring,Modern Style Wooden Texture Laminating Floor AC3 AC4 HDF Tile PVC Flooring'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Mixed Colors Grid Design Modern Flat Wooden Texture Laminating Flooring Easy to Install and Clean;Wear Resistance Customized UHMWPE Hpde PE 1000 500 Sheet | Water-Saved Air Bubble Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine | High Temperature Resistance TPV | Customized White Plastic ABS / POM CNC Machining Parts | Long Life Carbide Trenching Tools Cutter Pick Bit Kt C24 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Polymer Waterproof Mortar Remarkable Waterproofing Material, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Capillary Crystalline Paint Building Material Waterproof Coating/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Plush Beige Color Long Ear Bunny, fruit weight per plant,Wt -Mt303 Land Use 375kVA Electric Start Engine Generator Open/Soundproof Type Power Diesel Set with Stamford/Leroy Somer/Mecc Alte Alternator-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Waterproof Plastic Wood Texture PVC Flooring for Indoor | China Wholesales Top Grade New Pillow Block Bearing | Water-Saved Air Bubble Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine | Customized White Plastic ABS / POM CNC Machining Parts | Long Life Carbide Trenching Tools Cutter Pick Bit Kt C24 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Asahi Bearing Unit F208 F210 UC208 UCP206 Flange Units Insert Ball Pillow Block(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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