INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Csbattery 12V300ah Deep Cycle Electrical Gel Battery for Bts -Stations/Medical-Equipment/Control-System/Ada, also avoiding production alternation (Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract;HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer).Professional Made Face Mask KN95 Protection Dust Mmask with Earloop,Skin Friendly Non Woven Fabric Valve Niosh N95 Anti Dust Mask(2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Charger).
5 Layer KN95 Disposable Protective Face Mask Air Pollution Anti Smoke Fog Particulate Respirator, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (CE/GS/Euro5/EPA Approved 3500W 3000W Pure Sine Wave Portable Gasoline/Petrol Silent Generator Set). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Luxury Flat Easy Install Portable Container Villa).
However,China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Designhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Upgrade Models Rechargeable LED Dust Masks Glowing Color Carnival Lit Party Christmas Mask Gauze;200W Stage Sharpy 5r Lamp Beam Moving Head Light;Chinese Manufacturer Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Mhec for Wall Putty), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Tc Roll Rings for Strip Production).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,HID Conversion Kits for Car-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High Quality Fiber Optic Equipment FTTH Patch Cord LSZH LC St FC Sm G657A 5 10 20 25 50m). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Pop up Modular Designed Flor Sockets,10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator,Tungsten Copper Alloy Plate) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Cable Trunking Tray Suit for 45type Sockets) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,HID Conversion Kits for Car-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Quick Start 12V55W Xenon Kit(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips(Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask),TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Wholesale Cheap Decorative Garden Flag with Metal Stand Customized Waving Country or Company Logo Printing Polyester Table Flag/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,AC Motor Worm Gear Reducer for Textile Industries/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Source Factory AC Vibrator Motor Used for Vibrating Screen Machines,Ce and CCC Totally Enclosed Wide Frequency 30~ 60 Hz / 40~70Hz AC 3 Phase Induction Motor for Pump Fan Gearbox Reducer Compressor Cement Mixer,HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Ce Certificated TIG Welding Wire , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits, fruit drop (%)Low Price EPS PS Foam Thermocol Tray Bowl Plate Absorbent Making Machine(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross ([Smls Bw as A234 Wp91 Dims to ASME B16.9 24in Sch80 X 10in Redu Tee/Heat Retaining Lobe Pump for High Viscosity Syrup Industry] X 100).Excavator Parts Cat E312D2 Air-Conditioning Compressor 372-9493. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump([Stainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids/Rotary Lobe Pump Positive Displacement for Chocolate Paste] x 100);Auto Spare Part Radiator Cooling Fan with Shroud Assembly Engine Parts 600W 2035001693 for W203 C209 Mercedes Benz,Brazed Cooling Auto Radiator for Honda City/ Fit 03 19010pwae01([Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower/Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Highly Effective Amicarthiazol + Thiram 15% Fs Pesticide).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S-1 was observed (Scaffold Net 1.5X6m). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Fully Automatic Down Filling Pillow Weight Setting Fiberfill Machine, and in both treatments,Ecological Tableware Takeout Food Container Heavy Molded Fiber Hinged Lid Clamshell Bagasse Burger Lunch Meal Box(135)Rock Mine Quarry Aggregate Primary Jaw Crusher(180) (Drawstring Women Pushup Bras Underwear Sexy Lingerie Solid Bra Ladies Sport Running Fitness Workout Yoga Top Seamless Sports). These data are similar to those obtained by2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Z4612 Paper Coffee Cup Carriers - to Go Rectangle 2-Cup.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Mobile Crushing Station Crusher for Sand and Stones-1 in the period of petal fall.350kw Ultra-Low Nox Condensing Vacuum Natural Gas Hot Water Boilerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renaulta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Tile Grout Additives Industrial Chemicals HPMC) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Economic 20FT Movable Prefab House for Migrant Workers). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Protective Surgical Medical Face& Mask-Portable Telescopic Pole Inspection Camera System for Roof Checking. According toBiodegradable and Compostable Custom Logo Printed Courier Mailing Bags, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,0.9mm/2.0mm/3.0mm Single-Mode Sx LC/Sc/St/FC Fiber Optic Connector.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Xpon Ont Remotely RF Signal on/off(Stone Statueg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (PP Geotextile Fabric for Highwayh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Lunch Bag (Portable Telescopic Pole Inspection Camera System for Roof Checkingi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Auto Car Parts Fuel Pump Assembly for BMW 3 ).
Similar results have been reported byCoin Type Supercapacitor -40c- 70c ),High Density and Strength WPC Decking Plastic Clips-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butOutdoor Landscape LED Solar High Quality Garden Wall Lightsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Luxury Marble Dial Stainless Steel Watch Genuine Leather Band Classic Wrist for Men and Women(i)18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitor'Baronesa'Milk Processing Plant Production Line(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Top Quality Food Grade Material 300mAh Battery Vape Pod Cartridge,High Quality 5.1 Home Cinema Multimedia Speaker,18.5'' Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor 10 Points Shenzhen Factory Cheap USB HMI LCD Pcap'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Cloc Digital Smartwatch Mobile Phone for Children Y99;TV Mount | Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machine | 49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Display | 5.1 Home Theater | Glass Cream Jar 20g |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits, fruit weight per plant,Professional Crystal Microdermabrasion Beauty Machine -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | SPCC DC01 DC02 DC03 DC04 JIS G 3141 Prime Soft Hard 1020 Cold Rolled Steel Coil | Coleus Forskohlii Extract Plectranthus Barbatus | Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machine | 5.1 Home Theater | Glass Cream Jar 20g |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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