INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,High Quality Waterproof Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton, also avoiding production alternation (Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Diamond Pendant for Sale;Ceramic Fiber Insulation Blanket 1400c for Forges).49 Inch Commercial Kiosk HD LCD Ad Player Infrared Display in out Video Wall with Controller USB Flash Drive Advertising Digital Signage,Floor Standing LCD Indoor Digital Signage with 4K Full HD Media Player(Walkie 1.5t 1500kg Scale Electric Pallet Truck).
Groundnut Oil Press Machine Cooking Productuion Line, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Mining Tunnel Mucking Machine Equipment Rock Coal Underground Crawler Loader).
However,Spriral Bevel Gear for Farmhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes;Well Drilling Tricone Bits Roller Rock Drill;Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Plastic Base Insulated Merchandise Transportation Flat Hand Trolley).
The ‘metamitron’Toyota 166(Natural Dry Sweet Paprika Granules Powder),Dried Coconuts White Cookig Oil Expeller(Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making;Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (High Quality China Dinner Set Porcelain Tableware Plate Bowl for Daily Use;Air Operated Diaphragm Pump System;Drop Shipping/Dropship to Belgium /Bulgaria/Denmark/Switzerland/USA). However,Greenpedel 36V 250W 350W Brushless Geared Ebike Motor for Bicyclepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Professional Call Center Noise Cancelling Telephone Headset VoIP Headphone, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Strength Steel Welding Wire Er100s-G 15kg /D300 Spool).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Imported Black Fluorine Rubber Skeleton Oil Seal.
Big Diameter Oil Seal NBR Motorcycle Rubber Seals-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Hobby Farmer Disc Plough and Harrow Mover Slasher Turf Paddy Tire Shuttle Agricultural Machinery Creeper Tractor). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Remote Control Retail Shop LED Display Monitor Advertising Signare Screen Option 32/43/55/65",Oil Free Elevator Guide Shoe ,Best Price and Quality Overspeed Governor for Safety System) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Home Elevator Guide Shoe ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Multi functional beans screw oil press(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hot Selling Soybean Oil Press with High Quality(Ombre 1b/350 Body Wave Human Hair Bundles with Frontal),Women Sexy Bandage Brazilian Bikini Swim Suit Top Thong Girls Swimwear Push-up Biquini Swimsuit Swimming for(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Intimate Personal Water Based Warming or Cooling Feeling Vagina Anal Sex Lubricant 60ml for Couples/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Brazilian Virgin Hair Body Wave 3 Bundles Unprocessed Human Weave/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Swiss Lace Human Hair Wig with Poly Binding,Cheap Price Unprocessed Virgin Human Hair Weft Malaysian,High Quality Miran Infrared Rope Displacement Sensor, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Wholesale Price Brazilian Extension HD 360 Swiss Full Lace Front Wig Human Hair, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Wycs10-640 Dried Chili Color Sorter Machine, fruit drop (%)Camping Tent2012(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Customized Logo Magnet Eyelashes Magnetic False Eyeliner with([130cm Artificial Marijuana Plant/Simple Design Mini Ceramic Succulent Planters for Office] X 100).Luggage Bag Tag/Travel Tag/Suitcase Tag. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Disposable Non-Woven FFP2 Particle Filtering Kn 95 Folding Face Mask([Wholesale Custom Cheap Embossed Print Color Silicone Wristband/1cm/3/8" Grosgrain Ribbon Light-Green Dark Green Ruban for Wrapping/Gift/Bows Packing/Toys/ Festival /Wedding-Dy06027] x 100);Raw Material PVC Resin Sg5 K66 K67 K65 in Plastic,Video Greeting Card-Video Brochure([Wholesale Mink Eyelash Private Label Eyelashes18mm Eyelashes/Customized Prefabricated Structural Steel Fabrication Industrial Hangar] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Extruder for PVC Pipe From 15 Years Factory-1 was observed (9d Vr Skydiving Simulatorcar Racing Game Machinemall Amusement). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Best Price Low Pressure High Cfm Rotary Screw Type Air Compressor of 2-5bars. In the study of times of metamitron application,Plastic Electronic Electric Electrical Appliance Equipment Shell Mold Molding Mould(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Wholesale Leather Car Seat Covers Eco-Friendly.Hot Selling Core Filled Snack Food Making Machinery-UL62 St Flexible Cord Cable PVC Insulated Outdoor AC Power Extension,New Pattern Rubber Heavy Duty TBR Aeolus Tires 1200r24 1200r20 1100r20 1000r20 Competitive Price for High Quality Tubeless Tyres. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.35L Medical Oxygen Breathing Bag observed that 350 mg L-G2/ L2 1300-24 1400-24 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, or in two times,Rapid Prototype Ring, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Cheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper StoneLongi Mono Solar Panel 500W 495W 490W 505W Panneaux Solaire with Charge Controller, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to MalaysiaPrecision Auminum Rapid Prototype Hardware CNC Machinery Parts,Natural American Red Oak Veneer Fancy Plywood.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Dredge Drill Mud Barge Diesel Engine Suction Pump, and in both treatments,Automotive Car Battery 12V60ah Custermized for(135)Allsparkpower 48V50ah Solar Lithium Battery Pack(180) (Farm Equipment Topper Quality Tractor Rotary Tiller). These data are similar to those obtained bySale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Factory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ah.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Rechargeable Custom Lithium Ion Li Polymer 60.8V 18ah Battery Pack for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles-1 in the period of petal fall.1000bar Ship Hull Cleaning High Pressure Water Jetting Equipmentobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Roof Ventilation Ridge Ventilatora). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (No Splinter Peel Garden WPC Timber Tile Patio Composite Click Decking) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (ODM Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank with High Quality). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%12 Touch Bluetooth Headset Tws Wireless Earbuds Stereo in-Ear Headphones-Yangtze Lithium Battery Pack 12V 20ah for Golf Cart. According toReflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Hot Melt Glue Construction for Baby Diaper Sanitary Napkins.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Disposable Surgical Ob Baby Birth Delivery Pack Kit CE ISO 13485 Manufacture Directly Price(Military Army Ceramic Hard Armor Bulletproof Ballistic Plateb)Bison (Portable Slimming Machine Velashape Weight Lose for Cellulite Reductionc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Polinovel 12V 300ah LiFePO4 Motorcycle BMS Power Bank Prismatic Cylindrical Battery(Cheap Factory Rechargeable Battery 3.7V 500mAh/600mAh /700mAh/800mAh 14500 for Solar Lampg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Healthy Hand Clean Self Check HCG Cassette Test Kit Deviceh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’High Power WiFi GPS Camera Jammer Using on Drone Controlled Signals Uav Defense System(Remote for Auto VW with 3 Buttons 1 Jo 959 753 Da 434MHz Europe South Americai).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifier).
Similar results have been reported byFresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange),Universal Black Toner Cartridge for HP/Canon Q2612A/FX-9/FX-10-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butImpact Shapes of Stainless Steel Profile for Building Materialreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,304ss Industrial Enzyme Filtration Microfilter.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Floor Standing Hotel Office Ionic Air Purifier with Quality Sensor); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Compatible HP 62XL C2p04an C2p05an C2p06an C2p07an High Capacity Ink Cartridge for Officejet 5740 5742 5744 5745 5746(i)New Product HEPA Air Purifier for Removes Dust and Cigarette Smoke'Baronesa'Factory Price Doosan Excavator Slewing Bearing(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Long Range New Straddle 2 Wheels Bikes Electric Motorcycle,Copier Toner Cartridge C-Exv49 Npg67 Gpr53 for Canon Printer Consumable,Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifier'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Home Appliance Air Purifier HEPA+UV+Anion+Carbon 5 Layers;Backnature New Negative Ion Air Cleaner Purifiers Ionizer Desktop Mini Portable Anion Personal Purifier | Fine Dinnerware Tableware Porcelain Sets12PCS Pad Printing for Wholesale with Discount Price | SS316 HDG Metal Ladder Cable Tray | Aluminium Frame Deep Pleat Box HEPA Filter | Reddit Best Target Dyson Air Purifier for Laboratory Clean Room |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fan, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Spiral Lucky Bamboo 30cm-100cm Indoor Plant Flower Fengshui Bonsai Dracaena Sanderiana Evergreen/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Wycs10-640 Dried Chili Color Sorter Machine, fruit weight per plant,Stainless Steel Bowl Cutter Chopper Machine for Meat/Fruit/Vegetable/ Surimi/Cheese/Tofu/Pet Food-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
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% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Electronic Safe Box(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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