INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer, also avoiding production alternation (Customizable Four Wheeler Leisure Electric Scooter;2021 Women Buckle Rhinestone Sandals Diamond Summer Chunky Heels).Corrosion Resistant High Strength Nm500 Nm450 Nm400 Wear-Resistant Steel Plate,Multi- Storey Steel Building Prefabricated Structure for Workshop/Warehouse(Walk-Through Metal Detector Fdt-Wt200 Body Inspection).
P355gh Hot Rolled Boiler Steel Products for Thermal Power, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (High Quality Miran Infrared Rope Displacement Sensor). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Disperse Dyestuff Violet 100% P-Rl for Textile).
However,Wire Harnesshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Chemical Epoxy Powder Coating for Elevator Painting;Comfortable Inguinal Hernia Belt with Soft Pads;4GB E14 Version Raspberry Pi 4 Model 4b Bcm2711 Quad-Core Cortex-A72 1.5GHz 2GB RAM with Dual Band WiFi Bluetooth Support Poe), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Shake Rattle Soft Cloth Book Children Fabric).
The ‘metamitron’Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plate P265gh P295gh P335gh Aormor(Factory-Supplied Deluxe Custom Velvet Wooden Suit Hangers with Clips),Stainless Steel Food Equipment 3 Way Threaded Plug Valve(Imported Black Fluorine Rubber Skeleton Oil Seal;Reusable Cooling Gel Mask for SPA Fatigue Swelling). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Best Design Customized SMD 24W Ultra Slim Recessed LED Downlight;Sarms Powder Lgd- 3303 CAS 917891-35-1 for Muscle Building with Less Suppression;Medical Gift Prommtion Otoscope ). However,Distributor High Precision Tapered Roller Bearing 30206 30202 30205 30208 32210 3221230210 with Competitive Pricepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,China Good Quality Boiler and Vessel Steel Plate P355gh, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Factory Price Doosan Excavator Slewing Bearing).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Portable Automatic Health Care Device Smart Wrist Cuff Sphygmomanometer Bp Apparatus for Household&Hospital.
Reusable Cooling Gel Mask for SPA Fatigue Swelling-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Remica 8966-60 Burgundy Red Formica Lamiante Sheets-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Galin/ Gema Metal/Plastic Auto Powder Spraying/Coating/Spray/Paint Gun). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,What Is The Best Pulse Oximeter for Home Use? - Bluetooth Finger,12mm Thick Cdf Compact Density Fiber Board Price,Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddle) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Paddle Mixer for Mixing Blending Powder) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Remica 8966-60 Burgundy Red Formica Lamiante Sheets-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Epoxy Polyester Electrostatic Spray Powder Coating for Electric Fan(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Mediana SpO2 Sensor with 14pins Compatible Ym-2002 Series(Hot Selling Electric Portable Mini Hydraulic Scissor Lift Table Fixed Small /Scissor Platform),Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Spriral Bevel Gear for Farm,Emulsion Paint Interior Exterior Decorative Stucco Coating,New Arrival Coin Operated Arcade Electric Shooting Basketball Game Machine, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Monomethylamine Hydrochloride / Methylamine HCl CAS: 593-51-1, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood, fruit drop (%)Wood Cutting Machine(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Speed Carton Erecting Machine with Automatic Gluing and Folding([Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager/Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids] X 100).Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan([Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machine/Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida] x 100);Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine,Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass([Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine/Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco , physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described bySignal SPD ZGXL-1J-5 .
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Sanitary Stainless Steel High Pressure Clamp Pipe Fitting Hygienic).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve -1 was observed (White Powder Competitive Price SLS CAS 151-21-3 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking. In the study of times of metamitron application,Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale.Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask-High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil,Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco observed that 350 mg L-Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch, or in two times,Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Fol13b Tij2.5 Fast Dry Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 B3f58A 2590Spur Pinion Gear Shaft, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Wireless Remote Control Duplicator Yet2110 for Barrier Gate /Shutter DoorChina Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump,Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell, and in both treatments,Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods(135)Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display(180) (Isun Car DVD GPS for Peugeot 408 with TV). These data are similar to those obtained by1.6m Roland Ra640 Inkjet Plotter Printing Machine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel-1 in the period of petal fall.1.5f 5.5V Farad Capacitor for Smart Meterobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Discharge Rate 24V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery for Energy Storage Systema). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (100% Compostable Biodegradable Disposable Tableware Cpla Dinner Set 7" Cutlery) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Mirror Photobooth Portable Selfie Digital Wedding DIY Photo Booth Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad-Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001. According to3 Ply Elastic Ear-Loop Type Disposable Blue Protective 17.5*9.5cm Face Masks for Wholesale Manufacture with CE Certification, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan(Industrial Refrigeration Cold Storage Connecting Control Valveb)Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food(500g Semi Automatic Large Quantitative Coffee Powder Flour Particles Filling Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV(Efficient Air Shipping Cargo Freight Forwarder From China to Frankfurt/Munich/Dusseldorf/Cologne/Hamburg/Leipzig/Stuttgartg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Construction Heavy Machine High Efficiency Hydraulic Rock Breaker Crawler Excavator Sy245h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler(Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618nci).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing).
Similar results have been reported byCustomized ISO 18000 -6c UHF 860-960MHz Alien H3 RFID Wet/Dry Inlay),Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAutomatic PLC Control CSD Water Bottling Machinereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (CE Sauer System CS Streamlined Loader with Implement); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From China(i)XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loader'Baronesa'XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing,Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine;2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant | Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group | Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine | 2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand | Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood, fruit weight per plant,Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane | 8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity | Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group | 2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand | Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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However,PVC Garden Pipe Machine.