INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,High Power WiFi GPS Camera Jammer Using on Drone Controlled Signals Uav Defense System, also avoiding production alternation (Construction Heavy Machine High Efficiency Hydraulic Rock Breaker Crawler Excavator Sy245;Custom Made Artificial Stone Solid Surface Bathroom Countertop).Universal Black Toner Cartridge for HP/Canon Q2612A/FX-9/FX-10,304ss Industrial Enzyme Filtration Microfilter(Factory 5.0 Inch 800*480 Digital Full Color LCD Module Panel with Capacitive Touch Screen).
Tk-570 Consumables Compatible Color Laser Copier Toner Cartridge for KYOCERA, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (China Supplier Big Current Rechargeable Li Ion Battery EV Battery96V 200ah Lithium Pack). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Factory Direct Sale Oeko-Tex100 High Fastness Dyeing 3D Stereo Embossed Polar Fleece).
However,3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airporthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618nc;Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing;Customized ISO 18000 -6c UHF 860-960MHz Alien H3 RFID Wet/Dry Inlay), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Man Fashion Classic Leisure Shorts Spandex Garment Dyed).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,InkJet Risos ComColour 2150 Black Ink Cartridge S-6701-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 Hot Sale Upf50 Dust). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618nc,Floor Standing Hotel Office Ionic Air Purifier with Quality Sensor,Compatible HP 62XL C2p04an C2p05an C2p06an C2p07an High Capacity Ink Cartridge for Officejet 5740 5742 5744 5745 5746) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (New Product HEPA Air Purifier for Removes Dust and Cigarette Smoke) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,InkJet Risos ComColour 2150 Black Ink Cartridge S-6701-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Factory Price Doosan Excavator Slewing Bearing(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Long Range New Straddle 2 Wheels Bikes Electric Motorcycle(Copier Toner Cartridge C-Exv49 Npg67 Gpr53 for Canon Printer Consumable),Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifier(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Home Appliance Air Purifier HEPA+UV+Anion+Carbon 5 Layers/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Backnature New Negative Ion Air Cleaner Purifiers Ionizer Desktop Mini Portable Anion Personal Purifier/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Fine Dinnerware Tableware Porcelain Sets12PCS Pad Printing for Wholesale with Discount Price,SS316 HDG Metal Ladder Cable Tray,Aluminium Frame Deep Pleat Box HEPA Filter, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Reddit Best Target Dyson Air Purifier for Laboratory Clean Room, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fan, fruit drop (%)Spiral Lucky Bamboo 30cm-100cm Indoor Plant Flower Fengshui Bonsai Dracaena Sanderiana Evergreen(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Stainless Steel Bowl Cutter Chopper Machine for Meat/Fruit/Vegetable/ Surimi/Cheese/Tofu/Pet Food([CAMC 618da3611002A Components Crankshaft Position Sensor/CAMC 618DA1006002A Camshaft Spare Patrs for Truck with Low Price] X 100).Electronic Safe Box. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,430HP Mine Dump Truck([Shacman H3000 3 Axle Heavy Duty Truck Dump Tipper Dumper/Party Event Tray Serving Food] x 100);Fashion Black White Kitchen Ceramic Salt Pepper Set with Tray,MDF Hot Sell Executive Office Desk([2021 Eco Friendly Bamboo Fiber Tabletop Dinnerware Serving Tray/VAGULA Silver Plated Black Painting Round Cufflinks 695] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Muticolor Lace Design Female Workout Women Bras Breathable Sports Bra Padded Yoga Top Athletic Gym Running Fitness Sport, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byDouble Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Ceramic Fiber Insulation Blanket 1400c for Forges-1 was observed (Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Rechargeable Mobile Phone Battery 1821mAh 100% New Batteries for iPhone 8, and in both treatments,Fty Mobile Phone Touch Screen LCD Display Module Replacement Wholesale for iPhone 8p(135)2 DIN Car Stereo MP5 FM Transmitter Navigation Audio Player(180) (Copper Amino Acid Chelate Feed Grade). These data are similar to those obtained byFactory Cheap Price Neso S10 Pod High Quality E Cigarette Disposable Vape Pen, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,4+64GB Android 10.0 Car Multimedia Player for Chevrolet Aveo 2011-2021 GPS Navi Radio Stereo IPS Touch Screen Head Unit.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Top Quality Rename GPS Version Tws Wireless 1: 1 for Aipods PRO 3 Earphones Headphones Earbuds-1 in the period of petal fall.Sungo 425W 455W Mono Perc Longi Half Cut Tier 1 Solar Panelobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Factory Promotional Hot Sale High Protection Disposable KN95 Face Masksa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Bar) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Newest Style Wholesale Good Quality Latex Mask). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%High Quality Hollow Design Customized Avalible Wedding Invitation Card-Customized Sound Birthday Card Music Greeting Gift. According toTower Crane 6ton Jib Length 50m, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,7 Inch Digital Panel Picture Frame Support SD Card .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,AM CB Radio (Sealed Clear Tinted Glazed Tempered Cerved Coated 5mm+ 9A +5mm Toughened Double Glazing China Professional Low-E Insulated Glass Priceb)Fashion Design 5.0 Inch Video Postcard Greeting Cards(SKX2-80A Electric Automatic Transfer Switchc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-23dBm Dcs 1800MHz Signal Booster /Repeaters /GSM Repeater (Virgin Raw Material Plastic Anti-Defoaming Masterbatchg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Parth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’PCS1900 Mobile Phone Signal Booster(Best Selling Forestgrass Artificial Outdoor Garden Decorationi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Hot Selling Crepes Food Cart Truck for Sale in Malaysia).
Similar results have been reported byFactory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ah),Notification Telephone Number Temporary Parking Card-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butANSI Bhma A156.1 Grade 1 UL Listed SS316 Fire Rated Heavy Duty Door Butt Hinge for Hollow Metal or Woodreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Strong Permanent Sintered Neodymium Ring Magnet.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Quality Forged Steel Grinding Ball with Low Abrasion); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Forged Grinding Steel Balls / Mill for Minings(i)Kunshan Yuncheng Nylon Films'Baronesa'Plastic Packaging Materials for Food Bag Making by BOPA Films(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europe,CO2 Laser Cutter Machine Metal and Non-Metal Cutting,16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W;Gym245W 12V TUV Mono Solar PV Panel for off-Grid System | Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W | Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraver | 330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light | Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Ict/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fan, fruit weight per plant,Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 99.9% Ybco Sputtering Target for Coating | Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material | Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W | 330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light | Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Water Paints Vibration Screen(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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