INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12, also avoiding production alternation (Modern Style Wooden Texture Laminating Floor AC3 AC4 HDF Tile PVC Flooring;High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil).Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold,High Quality Oilless Guide Bush (High Quality and Stable Metal Shelves of Supermarket Convenience Stores).
Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Chinese Best Quality Price Car Tire with White Sidewall ). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Cream Acrylic PMMA PP 30g 30ml Cosmetic Packaging Jars Jl-Jr807).
However,Gp 0.5HP Self-Priming Peripheral Pumphighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup;Fast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine;China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (2021 Trend Modern Modular Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinets Rta Malaysia).
The ‘metamitron’Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line(Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Nitrogen Gas Cylinder),LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter(ESD POM CNC Machining Parts;Concrete and Asphalt Cutting Floor Saw). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (New Product Hose Skiving Machine Rubber Production;Fire Extinguisher Pump Sets Diesel Water;Military Tactical Combat Defense Force Acu Uniform). However,Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Shippoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shipping, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (China Manufacture Genour Power Portable Generator 2000W 168f).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid.
1080P HD Sdi Waterproof Camera -bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mould-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (China Top Solar High Efficiency Monocrystalline 450W Panel). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Chain Saw ,Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked,Top Grade Dual Interface Card Making Device) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mould-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)[Qisong] Electric Suction Door Auto Closer for FAW-Volkswagen Bora(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Experienced Latex Yoga Exercise Pull up Assist Bands China Supplier(8inch Android Car Radio DVD GPS Navigation for Honda CRV 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011),Education Training Advanced PVC Human Urinary System Model Anatomical(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Full Color Window Glass Transparent LED Display /2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,P3mm High Clearful Fixed Indoor Front Access LED Screen with Magnetic Board/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)High Cost Performance Seasalt Ultrasonic Vibration Separator Equipment,250*400 Small Jaw Crusher for Sale,Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whitening, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Quality Jqx-37f Type of Power Relay, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship, fruit drop (%)Double Secondary Screening Tumbler Rotary Screen Vibrating Separator(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,24K Gold Serum Luxury Moisturizing Firming Anti Aging Skin Care Face([Anti High Temperature Wire Cable/Best Shipping Forwarder From Guangzhou/Ningbo to Jebei Ali /Damman/Riyadh / Karachi] X 100).New Design IP65 150W Park Square Factory Garden Flood Light for Outdoor Stadium Lighting . Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forward([Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine/Yinherb Lab Citicoline USP Standard 98% Cdp Choline Sodium] x 100);Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL,New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker([Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair/Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byVirgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothing-1 was observed (Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-3 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock, and in both treatments,China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner(135)Heat Recovery Fresh Air Handling Unit-Cabinet Floor Standing Conditioner(180) (Trenletroz'ole/Femara Anti-Estrogen Raw Steroids Powder CAS 112809 51 5). These data are similar to those obtained by360 Spin Mop Microfiber Lazy Flat with Bucket Scraper Squeegee, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning-1 in the period of petal fall.New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Designobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Gt2 Htd3m 5m 8m 14m Toothed Timing Belt Pulleya). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffs) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (26''*4.0 Fat Tire All Terrain Electric Bike with Hydraulic Brake). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister-OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp. According toChina Factory Price Customized Thickness EPDM Rubber Sheet Product, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal(Tire Crushing Production Line Shreddingb)350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble(Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Salec).
Csbattery 2V200ah Tubular Plates Opzv Rechargeable Battery for Solar/UPS/LED-Light/Solar-System/Emergency-Power-Systems/Booevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beer(100 Tons Efficient Protein Skimmer for Aquacultureg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Knuckle Boom Truck Mounted Craneh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer(3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039ki).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Detergent Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate ).
Similar results have been reported byCold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener),Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butSoprano Titanium 755nm 808nm 1064nm Alma Ice Platinum 3 Wavelengths Diode Laser Hair Removal Machinereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)KCMCO- KCT -1280WZ Car Spring Machine&Spiral Forming Machine(i)KCMCO- KCT -680 8mm Hifh-speed CNC Spring Coiler'Baronesa'Abrasion Resistance Roller Skating Inline Court Flooring for Professional and Amateur (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Elasticity Gymnasium Interlocking Rubber Gym Flooring/Interlocking Matting,Anti-Slip HDPE Construction Rubber Road Mat with High Loading and Durable Flooring Tiles,Use for Side Leakage Prevention Disposable Adult Diapers'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Ship Big Crystal White Powder Lyrica CAS 148553-50-8 Pregabalin;Sport Mat Material Outdoor Synthetic Badminton Court Flooring | China Baby Diaper Manufacturers Hot Sold in India Turkey | Best Selling Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes for Machine Processes | Lab / Mini Portable Powder Coating Machine with Gun | TCCA 90 200g Chlorine Tablets for Swimming Pool Disinfectant |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Sandblasting Laminated Glass, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'500W/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship, fruit weight per plant,Fiber Optic Cable Connecter St Sx 3.0mm for Telecom Network-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Od: 323.9-609.6mm | Itw Gema G08 Powder Coating Control Unit for Machine | China Baby Diaper Manufacturers Hot Sold in India Turkey | Lab / Mini Portable Powder Coating Machine with Gun | TCCA 90 200g Chlorine Tablets for Swimming Pool Disinfectant |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Low Price Leak Prevention Nappy Training Baby Diaper(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Manufacturer HRC45 Coated 4 Flutes Solid Carbide Square End Mill‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Custom Finely Processed Precision CNC Machining.
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