INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set, also avoiding production alternation (China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask;Hot Sale 5ply Filtration Face Shield Dust Masque Respirator Mask KN95).Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment,Imee Hotel Airline Airport Bus Handrail Door Handle Hand Antibacterial Disposable 75 % Alcohol Adult Single Cleaning Non-Woven Nonwoven Wet Towel(French 52 in Black Resin Stone Free Standing Corner Bath Tub).
IPL 4h RF Elight and ND YAG Laser Beauty Equipment, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Fami-QS Certified Vitamin B4/ Choline Chloride 60%/75% Corn COB).
However,Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-Shighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Factory OEM/ODM ABS PP PC POM PMMA Plastic Parts Fast CNC Machining for Various Auto Prototype Sample;Professional Crumb Rubber Making Machine;100g Healthy Rich in Calcium Crispy Biscuit Milk Salty Soda Cracker), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Two Shaft E-Waste Shredding Equipment for Recycling Used Computer/PCB/Printer).
The ‘metamitron’32A Phase 3 Current Adjustable EV Connector with EU Plug(Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate),Private Label CE Certificate Surface Hand Disinfectant 75 % Alcohol Wipes(High Quality Plain Long Sleeve Men Gym Workout Hoodie;Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Sport Bluetooth Earphone Wireless Headphones with Mic;Infrared Sensor 304 Stainless Steel Automatic Factory Price Supermarket Pedestrian Swing Barrier Gate for School;Hpsen Inboard Semi Trailer Parts13t Axle 16t Manufacturer). However,LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Forged Steel A105 A350 Lf2 Body Stainless Ball Fire Safe Double Block and Bleed PTFE Peek Seat Insert Flanged Floating & Trunnion Mounted Valve, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,1.
Strong EU 17764-18 Brown Block Crystal for Laboratory Research-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Rib 360 Inflatable Boat 12FT Full Welded Aluminum Hull Fishing Speed Skiff for Sale-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Guangzhou Sea Freight Shipping to Nicaragua). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,High Lumen 5 Years Warranty LED Road Lamp Solar Street Lights 20W,off-Grid Nature of Solar Street Lights Green Lighting Solution,Bitumen 60FT Ngcp Steel Pole) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Headlight Lamp Assembly Auto Car Light for 2021 New Ford Mondeo) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Rib 360 Inflatable Boat 12FT Full Welded Aluminum Hull Fishing Speed Skiff for Sale-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Professional Manufacturer 8 Tons Stationary Tower Crane Qtz100 (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Manufacturer Wholesale Jewellery 18K Gold Plated Necklace Cable Chain with Flower Embossed for Jewelry Craft Design DIY(Ladies Fashion Jewelry Stainless Steel Jewellery Cable Chain Embossed 1: 1 Necklace for Decoration Design),Fashion Accessories Cable Chain Beads Bracelet Earring Necklace for Jewelry Gift Wholesale(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Roronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Inflatable Meltdown Bouncy The Last One Standing Sport Game Playground,Aqualand 17feet Semi-Rigid Inflatable Rescue Motor/ Aluminum Foldable Deck Rubber Boat ,LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Inflatable Fishing Boat with Aluminum Floor, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Ship Rubber Balloon, fruit drop (%)Whole Fly Fishing Rod 11FT 4PC 6/7wt Carbonfiber Switch(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Innovative Waterproof Outdoor Walnut Color WPC Board Composite Decking([Matchless Colourfast Technology Contemporary WPC Decking/Classic Men's Pullover Hoodie in Burgundy] X 100).Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top([Mix Color WPC Capped Wood Plastic Composite Decking for Sale/Manufacturer 11m High Q235 Steel Street Lighting Pole] x 100);5m,for Sale 4.2m Rib Boat with FRP Bottom([Custom Made Artificial Stone Solid Surface Bathroom Countertop/French 52 in Black Resin Stone Free Standing Corner Bath Tub] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Gentle with Wings Extra Care Sanitary Napkin, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFactory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentrator.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (New Style Office Metal Wood Partition).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,High Quality Motorcycle Spead Part Lever Gn-1 was observed (LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factory, and in both treatments,100 Meters Per Roll 1" R2 /2sn Hydraulic Hose(135)7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light(180) (800kw Power Generator Manufacturer Price 1000kVA Permanent Magnet). These data are similar to those obtained by55HP 2WD 4WD Farm Tractor with Discount Price Tt550 Tt554, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,3PC Forged Steel Small Size Ball Valve.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,A563 2h High Strength Structural Nuts-1 in the period of petal fall.20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container Houseobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandalsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Good Reputation Polyester Green Simply Dog Clothes ) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Eco Friendly Unbreakable Cereal Wheat Straw Biodegradable Lunch Box Food Container with Handle). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Superwhite Auto Bulbs 194 /T10 12v5w-Stock Q235 5m 6m 7m Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Pole Evergreen Solar Garden Light. According toNamed Mk Electric Bike for Adult, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Diesel.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Carbide CNC inserts SPUB63 Series Scarfing Inserts For Pipe(Wireless Car Charger Mount 15W Qi Fast Charging Auto-Clamping Windshield Dash Air Vent Phone Holder Compatible with iPhone 11/11 PRO/11 PRO Max/Xs/X/Xrb)Oil Fired Marine Steam Boiler(Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blowerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Hlj18 8mm M18 IP67 NPN No Inductive Switching Transducer Proximity Sensor(Quick Charge 3.0 Dual USB Car Charger 36W with Safety Hammerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Fuel Dispenser Tatsuno Flow Meterh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’L12 Digital Display Wireless Headset Tws Bluetooth 5.0 X15(Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraveri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose).
Similar results have been reported byCreative Interlaced Rope Design Ring 925 Sterling Silver High Quality Fashion Jewelry for Trendy Women),Factory Wholesale Electric Surfboard with Good Price-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butPrefabricated Steel Structure for Car Parkingreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Slanna 2021 Autumn Winter Sexyl Ladies High Waist Casual Hot Shorts Corduroy.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Magnetic LED Flashing Clothing Badges); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Juice/Honey Aseptic Bottling Machine(i)330ml Empty Aluminum Beer Cans'Baronesa'GCP-12A 12heads Automatic Sweet Liquor Filling Line Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Fashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Sales;16oz | Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bag | Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machine | 550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve | Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffs |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Unidirectional Flow Air Blower , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Disposable 2000 Puffs Flavors 2 in 1 R&M Switch Puff Double Vape Pen/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Ship Rubber Balloon, fruit weight per plant,Fireproof Gray Aluminum Wall Cladding for Curtain Decoration-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 5% Mini Disposable Maskking Vape Pod Hottest Posh Plus Bidi Bar | Temperature Maintaining Touch Screen Display Constant 12 Liter Gas Water Heater | Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bag | 550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve | Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffs |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Cold Rolled Mr Tin Plate Coils SPCC ETP Tinplate Coil(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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