INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager, also avoiding production alternation (CCTV/CATV RG6/Rg11 Communication Coaxial Cable Copper Wire for Alarm Monitor Satellite System;Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid).Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids,Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air(Custom Your Own Logo Design Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Handle).
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However,Amazon Hot Selling Custom 12oz 350ml Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler with Lids 6oz 10ozhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Molded 3D Mats EVA Car Mat Rubber Floor;Cocoa Protein Powder Packing Machine;UL&SAA&TUV 150cm 24W SMD3014 Transparent/Milky Cover T8 Tubes Light), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Outdoor Camping Best Rain Gear for Fishing).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Solar Pathway Lights for Patio Outside Landscape Driveway Path Yard). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Automatic Water Filling and Sealing Machine for Plastic Small Bottle,RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes (Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting),Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve /2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars,Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050, fruit drop (%)Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking([Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH/China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale] X 100).Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil([Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection/Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch] x 100);Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta,Spur Pinion Gear Shaft([China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump/Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Fiber Optic Cable Connecter St Sx 3.0mm for Telecom Network).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan-1 was observed (Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Excavator Clutch for Excavartor, and in both treatments,CE Sauer System CS Streamlined Loader with Implement(135)OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From China(180) (100% Tested YAMAHA Yg100 Machine SMT Nozzle Holder From China). These data are similar to those obtained by45- 80GSM Thermal Paper Jumbo Roll, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loader.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders-1 in the period of petal fall.Sunmed Bandage Products - Stockinette Bandageobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Manufacturer Wholesale Jewellery 18K Gold Plated Necklace Cable Chain with Flower Embossed for Jewelry Craft Design DIYa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (12cbm Dongfeng 12000litres Milk Transport Tank Truck) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Black or White Correx Corflute Coroplast Sheets for Protection). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing-Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022. According toHeadlight Lamp Assembly Auto Car Light for 2021 New Ford Mondeo, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine(Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchenb)2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant(Rolled Edge Cylinder Glass Lampshade for Chandelier Lampc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand(Single and Double-Deck Prefabricated House Color Steel Plate K-Type for Construction Siteg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Panel Fixed Socket Compatible with Binder M16 Circular Connector 8pinsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane(Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Stickeri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Gasoline Power Sprayer 909 with 25L Tank Capacity).
Similar results have been reported byLuxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set),8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butDensen Customized Stainless Steel 304/316 Ball Valve Partsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Industrial Refractory 80kg/M3 Rock Wool Blanket); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Insulation Pipe Rubber Tube 10mm*13mm*1.83m for Refrigeration(i)Metal Sheet HVAC Bellmouth Spigots'Baronesa'Best Selling MP3 MP4 HiFi Stereo Earphone Mini Earbud (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Korean car Parts,for iPhone 7 Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charger Case 2021,for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Commercial Air Handling Unit Ahu with Factory Price;Cheap Inear Earphone for Promotion | All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable | Android System 8.1 Car DVD Player 7.0 Inch Touch Screen MP5 with WiFi GPS Bluetooth Function Radio | J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets | Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050, fruit weight per plant,High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike | Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light | All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable | J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets | Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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