INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Tunnel/Vertical Farming Commercial/Agricultural Tents/Greenhouse for Vegetable/Fruit/Melons/ Cucumber /Tomato, also avoiding production alternation (IP 68 Rating Expressway Road Safety Solar Stud;Manufacturers 24mm 28mm Cosmetic Plastic Screw Flip Top Cap).Natural Dry Sweet Paprika Granules Powder,Discount Quality Dried Sweet Paprika Powder From China Factory(Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holder).
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However,PP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strandhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment;Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemic;LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Protective 3ply Dust Mask FFP1 Non Woven Disposable Face).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Insulating/Single Layer Glass Greenhouse/Toughened/Intelligent for Flower/Vegetable/Fruit/Livestock Breeding /Ecological Restaurant/Planting/Farm/Aquaculture-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (CNC Machining Parts for Exercise Equipment). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Chinese Hot Pot Sauce Herb and Spices Dried Red Sichuan Pepper,Quick Delivery Surgical Mask Machine From Direct Manufacturer,Automatic Swing Gate Turnstile ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Megatro Radar Tower ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Insulating/Single Layer Glass Greenhouse/Toughened/Intelligent for Flower/Vegetable/Fruit/Livestock Breeding /Ecological Restaurant/Planting/Farm/Aquaculture-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)English Type Axle - 13t 16t Sales to Chile(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Trailer Axle Part Germany Type with Good Quality(Hpsen Inboard Semi Trailer Parts13t Axle 16t Manufacturer),Auto Spare Parts Piston C240 for Isuzu (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-7 Ton Chinese Wheel Excavator with Yuchai Engine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Automatic 100ml High Viscosity Liquid Paste Filling Machine Piston Fillers/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Semi Automatic Piston Oil Sauce Paste Cream Shampoo Liquid Bottle Filling Machine/ Filler,3 in 1 Screw Feeding Type Glass Bottled Beer Filler with Temperature Controller,Made in China 4#, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Nylon Zipper Printing Kll269, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Custom Unisex Plain Sport Baseball Caps, fruit drop (%)China Factory Supply Disposable SMS Nonwoven Fabrics Patient Surgical Gown with High Quality for Hospital Use(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Price Only Today([Personalized Fisherman Bucket Hat with Face Shield for Men Women Kids Anti Dust Cap Fog/Fashion Winter Warm Poly Wool Thick Flat Bill Hip Hop Grey Embroidery Hat] X 100).Sport Cap New Hat Baseball Blank Snapback. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Basics Collection Garden Decor Metal Wind Spinners Stake([Non Medical 3 Ply Woven Bfe99 % Disposable Breathable Face Masks with Custom Logo Made in China Mask Stock Protective/Wholesale Children Baseball Caps /Fashion Hat and Trucker Hats] x 100);Hip- Hop Sports Dance Cap with Custom Logo,Disposable SMS Sterile Surgical Gown AAMI Level([Men's Soft and Comfortable T-Shirt for Sports Wear/Multi-Sport Rebounder Pitch Back Screen with Adjustable Target] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (2021 Nail Art UV Gel Wholesale Factory Cheap Price Polish 1kg).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,China Normal White Fresh Garlic 6.0 Cm-1 was observed (Check Weight System for Pouchs / Packages/ Bags). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Axles Attached Parts, and in both treatments,1600kg Rated Load Compact Wheel Loader Zl16f(135)Stainless Steel Wire Rope 304- 7X19 -6mm-10mm(180) (Hot Sales Cork Yoga Mat Body Alignment Lines Anti Tear). These data are similar to those obtained byExplosion Proof LED Lighting 100W-130W, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Mpd Insulated Bullet Male Disconnects.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Quality and Stable Metal Shelves of Supermarket Convenience Stores-1 in the period of petal fall.Feed Addictive CAS 2971-90-6 Clopidolobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Computer Control Non Woven Vest Bag Machine Zxl-A700a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factory) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Ss-Ap241 Access Door Panel). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%65% Cationic Polyester 35%Viscose Ne32 /1 Siro Compact Spun Yarn Raw White for Knitting or Weaving-G1lgd1000 Semi-Automatic Sauce Paste Filling Machine for Syrup. According toIP68 SMD LED RGB Neon Flex for Outdoor, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,20mm Blank Neck Lanyard with Plastic Side Release Buckle.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Economical Good Price Reel Paper to Sheet Sheeter China Factory(Activated Carbon Cartridge HEPA Filter Replacements for Dyson HP04/Tp04/Dp04 Pure Cool Air Purifier and Tower Fanb)Nigeria(China Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCRc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-300X600 Rusty Rectangular Floor Tiles Natural Slate Tile(Angelbella Ombre Color 13*4 Lace Front Human Hair Wigs Highlight 2/27# Short Bob 150% Density Brazilian Remyg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Galvanized Malleable Steel DIN741 Wire Rope Clip(Indoor Oak Vinyl Floor Plastic Commercial Floating Plank Spc Flooring Manufactureri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Interior Decorative PVC Ceiling Panel Haining Wall).
Similar results have been reported byFull Digital Trolley LCD B/W Ultrasound Scanner),CCS Approved OEM Available Adjustable Pitch Propeller for Vessel-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butObjects at Acupoints of Body Sandwiched Moxibustionreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Bedroom Furnitures Accessories Metal Door Handles for Drawer.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Customized ISO 18000 -6c UHF 860-960MHz Alien H3 RFID Wet/Dry Inlay); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Hot Selling Rear Shock Suspension 26'' Aluminum Alloy Frame MTB Mountain Bicycle(i)4X2 15000L Fuel Tank Truck 15m3 Oil Refueling'Baronesa'Hot Sale Styling Hair Chair Salon Furniture Beauty Equipment(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2150watt Dimmable HPS Ballasts for Street Lighting, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'City Street Light Electronic Ballast for HPS 150W/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Custom Unisex Plain Sport Baseball Caps, fruit weight per plant,Hot Sale G80 G95 G125 E26 B22 LED Filament Bulb-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Back up Power 12V 50ah 100ah 200ah Lithium LiFePO4 Battery | GMP Weight Loss Product Cla Slimming Softgel | LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club | Stainless Steel Soltted Cheese Head Machine Screw DIN 84 | New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Double-Tubes HPS Lamp (%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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