INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Inflatable Hammock Pool Lounge Chair Float with Mesh, also avoiding production alternation (Efficient Cabro Making Machinery Blocks Machine in Kenya ;High Quality Jqx-37f Type of Power Relay).1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel,China Track& Field Equipment Hurdle Meter(ASTM A194 Grade 2h / 7 Heavy Hex Nuts Suppliers).
Indoor Outdoor Playground Gym Equipment for Commercial Fitness, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (5% Flavones). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Dual Stage Regulator with Flow Meter Low Price).
However,High Configuration Electric Big Bicycle Cheap 500W City E-Bike Moped Sepeda Listrik with LCD Display Visit The Chainhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality Medical Anti-Virus Disposable Grown Protective Clothing;Semi Automatic Piston Oil Sauce Paste Cream Shampoo Liquid Bottle Filling Machine/ Filler;HDPE Geocell Factory Manufacturer), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (LED Ultra-Thin Borderless Panel Light Downlight Ceiling Recessed Embedded).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Plexiglass Material Testing Powder Coating Container W/ Fluidized Bed Plates-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Large Outdoor Nature Style Playground Set Slides). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Lighting Fixture Landscape Outdoor Street Solar LED Light,Drywall Acoustic Perforated Gypsum Tile Ceiling Board,3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airport) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Customized Modern High Gloss White Paint MDF Board Lacquer Kitchen Cabinets Furnitures) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Plexiglass Material Testing Powder Coating Container W/ Fluidized Bed Plates-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Italy Design Pink Solid Surface Stone Corian Bathroom Bathtub(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Wholesale Small Fishing Hovercraft Inflatable Rowing Boat(One DIN Car MP3 Player with 2USB Bluetooth Function),Special Unique Blue Diamond Crystal Marble Slabs for Hotel(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Bolivia Blue Marble Slabs /2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,PVC Vinyl Wallpaper Hot Selling Wall Paper for Home Decor/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Cheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper Stone,Wholesale Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Flooring Sheet Basketball Vinyl Interlocking Click Floor Tile,Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)China Steel Manufacturer H13, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree, fruit drop (%)Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Factory Price 50kVA 40kw Diesel Power Electric Soundproof Generating Sets with Weichai Ricardo Engine([400puffs Hot Sale Mini Vape Disposable Pen Vitamin Pod System/Hot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V] X 100).850lm/M SMD2835 LED Neon Light. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Penconazole 10%Ec with CAS 66246-88-6([Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener/Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer] x 100);Corrosion Resistant High Strength Nm500 Nm450 Nm400 Wear-Resistant Steel Plate,Multi- Storey Steel Building Prefabricated Structure for Workshop/Warehouse([P355gh Hot Rolled Boiler Steel Products for Thermal Power/Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plate P265gh P295gh P335gh Aormor] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddle, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byRemovable Commercial Soundproof Office Partition Wall.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Customized Logo Magnet Eyelashes Magnetic False Eyeliner with).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Paddle Mixer for Mixing Blending Powder-1 was observed (Zinc Alloy Door Handle ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida, and in both treatments,Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine(135)Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass(180) (New Mini Sports Bluetooth Earphone Wireless Headphone). These data are similar to those obtained byFactory-Red Beech Fancy Plywood with 2.7mm and 4.8mm Sale in Mexico, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce-1 in the period of petal fall.Inflatable Board Stand up Surfobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Lunch Bag a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (CE Approved Straw Wood Pellet Mill for Make) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Funinvr Zhuoyuan Vr Flying with Shooting Game Arcade Machine Flight). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Automatic Water Filling and Sealing Machine for Plastic Small Bottle-RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors. According toFactory Manufacture Woven Geotextile PP, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel(Three Segments Metal Grinding Plate for Concrete Wholesaleb)Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player(Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipmentc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco (Best Price OEM 80PCS/100PCS Surface Cleaning Wipesg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Electric Tricycle h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler(24VDC 4~20mADC Anti-corrosive Small Size Cost-effective Piezoresistive Tank Use Level Transmitter MPM4893Wi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Pneumatic Rock Drilling Rig with Pushing Leg).
Similar results have been reported byElectrostatic Wrinkle Effect Powder Coating),Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHigh Quality F17 Standard 3 Times Hot Press Film Faced Plywoodreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Spur Pinion Gear Shaft(i)China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump'Baronesa'Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell,Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods,Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate;Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel | Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad | Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001 | Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol | 3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Forged Aluminium Fry Pan/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree, fruit weight per plant,WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV | Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads | Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad | Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol | 3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Disposable Syringe 23G 70mm Micro Blunt Cannula for Hypodermic Injection(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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