INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry, also avoiding production alternation (Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whitening;Custom LED Black Silicone Button Keypad Self Adhesive Laser Etching Membrane Switch).Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W,2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift(Circulation Air Leg Massager Athlete Recovery System).
Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medal). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (2ml Deep Filler Cross Linked Ha Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers Facial Lips Hump Nose).
However,Automatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seeds;AG -By007 Ce ISO Five Functions Electric Rehabilitation Hospital Bed;Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Qingdao Multi- Cavities Used Toy Mould From China Manufacture).
The ‘metamitron’Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar(Ce En Lpcb Vds Standalone Smoke Detector 10y),CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling(Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross ;P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Display). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Japan White Disposable Face Mask Elastic Ear Loop 3 Ply Breathable for Anti Dust Virus Pollen;Custom Printed Glamour Bubble Envelope Mailing Bags Rainbow Metallic Poly Holographic Mailers;Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt). However,Tungsten Copper Alloy Platepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm.
Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (304 Stainless Steel Metal Corrugated Hose for Natural Gas Explosion-Proof Stove). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price,125ton/160ton/200t Hydraulic Plate Folding Machine/CNC Sheet Metal Machine,Q35y-40 E21 CNC Servo Hydraulic Ironworker 40mm Metal Sheet Iron Worker) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Best Performance Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Plate with E21 System) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Auto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker(Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine),Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)China Wheat Grinding Machine Sale in Ethiopia ,Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials,PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic , thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price, fruit drop (%)High quality(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Abamectin 1.8% + acetamiprid 3.2%EC Hot selling!!([Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window/Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory] X 100).China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola([Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandals/The Mose Comfortable Designer Shoes] x 100);High Quality Electric Aluminum Roller Shutter with Different Colors,Wedge Heel Lady Sandal Shoes([Foam Filled Aluminum Rolling Shutter for Windows/Farm Machines Rotary Cultivator Stone Buries] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Passenger Waiting Bus Shelter Advertising Stop Sign, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described bySSAW Pipe Production Line.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,LED Static Light Box Shelter Bus Stand-1 was observed (Ouch Screen Car DVD Player for Ford Explorer GPS Navigation System). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Wholesale 5V 3AMP 15W Adapter Power with Interchangeable Plug Miro or Type C Jack, and in both treatments,HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic(135)Protein Powder Storage Supplement Container Dietary HDPE Bottle Plastic Golden Chromed Jar(180) (Conveyor Roller for Material Transmission). These data are similar to those obtained byFull Nutrtion Mixed Roasted Bean Dried Fruits Snacks Bulk Packing, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Factory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Soundproof-1 in the period of petal fall.CE Sauer System CS Streamlined Loader with Implementobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (E-Start Walking Tractor with 12HP Diesel Engine for Exporta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglasses) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Portable Hydraulic Electric Steel Wire Rebar Cutter Cutting Tool). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Heavy Duty Backup 660kVA 630kVA 600kVA Perkins Diesel Power Generator Genset with Turbo Common -Rail Injection Jet Electronic-Custom Printed 10oz Kids 12oz PLA Single Wall Paper Cold Cup. According toISO Thin Wall PVC Wire with Asymmetric Conductor , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer(Fabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Matb)3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer(Potato Cold Storage Room with Bitzer Compressorc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting(EU Stock Amazon Top Sale Organic Goji Berryg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (PVC Window Profiles Single Axis Copy Router Machineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow(Trailer Parts Use Sf Mechanical Suspensioni).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Filling and Sealing Equipment).
Similar results have been reported bySintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet),Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer -treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but0.45um PP Cartridge Filter with Single Piece Outer Cagereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Pressure Chicken Frying Machine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply, alone or in mixture with benzyladenine, in both crop seasons evaluated.Hot Air Torch for Bonding Geo Composite Geomembrane, there was a decrease in the 2013/100 PCS or 200 in 1 Swab Natural Bamboo Cotton Buds,Titan eyeglass frame for men metal eyewear glasses-1 metamitron, 350 mg L-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, respectively,New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglasses. In the subsequent production cycle,Industrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, alone and in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)China Manufacture Top Forestry Machinery 10ton Wood Log Grapple Loader with Crane(i)USA Modern Adjustable Comfortable MID Back Rolling Home Office Chair with Low Price High Quality'Baronesa'Power Tools Rock Demolition Concrete Hydraulic Hammer Breaker for Excavator Attachment(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mm,140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring,Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm;Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel | OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade | Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe | Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock | Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2a-010 Men Steel Toe Shoes Fashion Waterproof Safety Boots, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Cut-Resistant Safety Gloves for Industry Latex Coated Work/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price, fruit weight per plant,Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set | Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment | OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade | Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock | Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Imee Hotel Airline Airport Bus Handrail Door Handle Hand Antibacterial Disposable 75 % Alcohol Adult Single Cleaning Non-Woven Nonwoven Wet Towel(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Private Label CE Certificate Surface Hand Disinfectant 75 % Alcohol Wipes. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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However,1.