INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Coleus Forskohlii Extract Plectranthus Barbatus, also avoiding production alternation (Sva -169e China Manufacturer Furniture or Bathroom Glass Door Handle with Low Price;Crown Cornice/PU Carved Corner Molding/Solid Moulding).Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract,Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil(2021 Hot Sale with Security Air Bar Disposable E Liquid Nicotine Free Electronic Cigarette).
5% Flavones, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (A Grade Half Cell 455W 450W 445W Photovoltaic).
However,P355gh Hot Rolled Boiler Steel Products for Thermal Powerhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown;2014 High Quality TUV Tube8 LED Light Tube 24W ;Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (High Quality 100mm 370W Induction AC Gear Motor for Mixer).
The ‘metamitron’Reliable Factory Supply Wheat Grass Powder Bulk Organic Juice(20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes ),Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine(Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners;ASTM A193 Gr B7 Stud A194 2h Heavy Hex Nut). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Parylene Coated Bromobutyl Rubber Stoppers;Lithium Battery Cell 3.7V 2500mAh for Pack;Decorative Garden Metal Owl Figurines for Lawn Decoration). However,Customized Print Hard Cover Children Picture Story Education Bound Book Printing on Demandpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Power Tiller Mini Tracotr Farm Agriclutural Machinery Tractor, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Colored High Elastic Compression Bandages.
Medical Orthopaedic Pop Bandage-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Jinko High Efficiency 450W PV Monocrystalline Solar Panel). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Anti-Friction Ballscrew with Accurancy C7,Carved Metal Panel,Aluminium Shutters Between Double Hollow Glass Electronic Control for Shading or Partition) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (White Color Leno Anti Hail Net for Orchard) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Tomato Paste Sachet 70g Wholesaler(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Aluminum Alloy Steel Structure Green House Agriculture Equipment Greenhouse Price(Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult),Mammut 0.8ton Tl1000 Small Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Compressor Cooling Standing Water Dispenser/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Part Windshield for Kawasaki,Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04,ANSI B16.9 Butt-Welding Seamless Pipe Fitting Tee, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Grooved Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with FM/UL Approved, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity , fruit drop (%)SS304/316L Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamped Straight/ Reducing Tee DIN(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Custom Luxury Paper Card Gift Packaging Jewelry Ring Bag([Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machine/500V 1000V 20kv 50kv Silicone Cable Wire] X 100).Custom Your Own Logo Design Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Handle. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Custom Logo Printed White Eco Gift and Food Kraft Paper Packaging Bags([Hot Sale 5ply Filtration Face Shield Dust Masque Respirator Mask KN95/Pink Granite Rough Finish Kerb Pation Border Stone] x 100);Glossy Varnishing Corrugated Folded Box,PC200 PC300 PC400 Excavator Bucket Cutting Edge End Bit for Sale([Transpeed Automatic Transmission A604 Oil Pan Gasket/Control Arm Bushing for Jeep Grand Cherokee OE # 52090206AG] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Factory Custom Metal Badge Enamel Electroplating Gold Plated Pin, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAirsoft High Torque Motor Tw -480s-11340b Long-Axis Gearbox DC Gear for Gun Aks-74u Short Shaft.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Highly Efficient Professional 360 Degree Column Jib Crane).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Trendy Reusable Shopping Bags-1 was observed (Natural Anti Aging Cbd Isolate Powder More Than 99%). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine, and in both treatments,Sodium Lignosulphonate Powder pH Value 9-12(135)Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape(180) (RGB/Single Color PAR56 Underwater Swimming Pool Light). These data are similar to those obtained byMale Sex Doll Real Pussy Vagina Love Adult Toys, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulator.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,2-3t/H Output Biomass Fuel Wood Sawdust Rice Husk Pelletizer-1 in the period of petal fall.Guy/Gay Wire 3/8'' Ehs/ Inch Stranded Galvanized Steel Stay Bare Conductorobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Superwhite Auto Bulbs 194 /T10 12v5wa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Face Shields Anti- Saliva Splash Dust Protector Personal Use on Subway Bus) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Original Phc Valeo Clutch Kits for KIA Pride Kik-05 Kic-02 Kd-05). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%DG Series New Model Double Roller Granulator With CE Certificate-Chinese Factory 3-Ply Disposable Non Woven Earloop Face Mask. According toSleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Factory Disposable Anti Dust Protection 3 Ply Facial Mask.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus(LPG Model High Speed Centrifugal Atomizing Food Spray Dryer Machineb)MPO/MTP Om3 Patch Cord for Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable(Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tirec).
Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip for Cableevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloop, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Three Segments Metal Grinding Plate for Concrete Wholesale(Plush Stuffed Animal Rabbit Soft Toy Bunnyg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (New Fashion One Stage Kitchen Water Filterh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Galvanized Steel Zinc Coating Sheet/Galvanised Coil / Good Package /Galvanized Plate(Hansel Factory Coin Operation Animal Scooter Battery Ride for Supermarketi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity).
Similar results have been reported byChina Factory Raycus 500W 750W 1000W Fiber Laser Welding /Soldering Machine for Stainless Steel/Aluminum),Sunyo Jc60 Mini Skid Steer Loader with 60HP Engine Sauer and Eaten Hydraulic Partshot Sale Mode Lhot for Farmers-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butMilitary Boots / Desert Combat Boots/ Tacticalreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Display.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Non-Woevn Tapes PE Film Disposable Printed Baby Diaper Products); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)China Factory CNC Processing Steel Brushless Motor Miniature Shaft(i)Good Baby Diaper Quality Price High Absorption OEM'Baronesa'China High Quality Disposable Baby Diaper Sleeping Style(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Wholesale Baby Diapers,Electric Marinated Machine Meat Salting,Super King Size Long Rolling Paper Black Package'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medal;2-Tank 2-Basket Gas Temperature-Controlled Fryer | New Season Frozen Fish Squid Skewer | Disposable Medical Powder Free Household Examination Blue Nitrile Gloves | Metronidazole and Sodium Chloride Injection GMP Manufacturer | 90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2P56 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Car Radio for Mercedes Benz Viano B200 Auto DVD with GPS iPod RDS High Quality Tuner and CE Approved /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity , fruit weight per plant,Ouch Screen Car DVD Player for Ford Explorer GPS Navigation System-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Gafle/OEM Rediator Coolant Plastic Bottle 4L Best Antifreeze | Fresh Delicious Seafood Dried Bay Scallop | New Season Frozen Fish Squid Skewer | Metronidazole and Sodium Chloride Injection GMP Manufacturer | 90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paints(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Plant Growth Regulator 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Professional Reliable China Freight Forwarder to Australia.
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