INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic, also avoiding production alternation (AM CB Radio ;Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer).Protein Powder Storage Supplement Container Dietary HDPE Bottle Plastic Golden Chromed Jar,Factory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die(Far North Infrared Saunas Combination Ceramic Dry Sauna).
Soundproof, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Yingjiao Made in China 6V/9V/12V/13.5V/ 15V /16.5V/18V/0.5A/1A AC/DC Switching Power Adapter). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Copier Toner Cartridge Canon Npg65 for Use in Irc 250 350 351 355).
However,Galvanized Tube IMChighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (OEM 7A04 ;Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve;Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Lrs -350-5 300W 5V AC-DC Single Meanwell Switch Power Supply).
The ‘metamitron’Heavy Duty Backup 660kVA 630kVA 600kVA Perkins Diesel Power Generator Genset with Turbo Common -Rail Injection Jet Electronic(Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Liquid Dishwasher Shampoo Water Oil Glass Plastic Bottle Cream Filling Machinery Machine Liquids),Custom Printed 10oz Kids 12oz PLA Single Wall Paper Cold Cup(90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators ;Supermarket -1~5 Degree Deli Cooler for Service Counter Sushi Sandwich Display). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (China Jetstream Bypass Valve for Water Blasting Machine;Bulk Wholesale Custom Logo Printing Medical Supplies Non Woven Easy Tear Self Adhesive Vet Wrap Cohesive Elastic Bandage;Shellac Soak off LED & UV Nail Gel Polish 120 Different Colors ). However,Clear Fashionable Safety Protection Plastic Face Shieldpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Window Blinds Components with Competitive Price).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer.
3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Construction Wire Rope Tower Crane). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing,Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting,60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Ladies' Fox Fur Coat ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Disposable Medical Cotton Bud with Plastic Stick(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Ck46p 3-Axis Slant Bed CNC Turning Center Metal Cutting Lathe(SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow),Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Pressure Chicken Frying Machine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Hot Air Torch for Bonding Geo Composite Geomembrane,100 PCS or 200 in 1 Swab Natural Bamboo Cotton Buds,Titan eyeglass frame for men metal eyewear glasses, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglasses, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Industrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale, fruit drop (%)Electric Beaf Slicer Fresh Meat Slicing Machine(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,House Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From China([Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair/China Manufacture Top Forestry Machinery 10ton Wood Log Grapple Loader with Crane] X 100).USA Modern Adjustable Comfortable MID Back Rolling Home Office Chair with Low Price High Quality. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Power Tools Rock Demolition Concrete Hydraulic Hammer Breaker for Excavator Attachment([Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mm/140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring] x 100);Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts,PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm([Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel/OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by803030 603040 3.7V 650mAh Lipo Battery for Vape Pen.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Imee Hotel Airline Airport Bus Handrail Door Handle Hand Antibacterial Disposable 75 % Alcohol Adult Single Cleaning Non-Woven Nonwoven Wet Towel-1 was observed (High Quality Stranded Copper Electrical Cable ACSR Wire). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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High Lumen 5 Years Warranty LED Road Lamp Solar Street Lights 20W. In the study of times of metamitron application,off-Grid Nature of Solar Street Lights Green Lighting Solution(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Bitumen 60FT Ngcp Steel Pole.Headlight Lamp Assembly Auto Car Light for 2021 New Ford Mondeo-China Professional Manufacturer 8 Tons Stationary Tower Crane Qtz100 ,Manufacturer Wholesale Jewellery 18K Gold Plated Necklace Cable Chain with Flower Embossed for Jewelry Craft Design DIY. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From Chinaobserved that 350 mg L-Ladies Fashion Jewelry Stainless Steel Jewellery Cable Chain Embossed 1: 1 Necklace for Decoration Design, or in two times,Fashion Accessories Cable Chain Beads Bracelet Earring Necklace for Jewelry Gift Wholesale, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Bronzed Color Surface Mounting Light Switch for European MarketRoronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay,Inflatable Meltdown Bouncy The Last One Standing Sport Game Playground.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Aqualand 17feet Semi-Rigid Inflatable Rescue Motor/ Aluminum Foldable Deck Rubber Boat , and in both treatments,LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord(135)Inflatable Fishing Boat with Aluminum Floor(180) (China Using Oil and Coal PDC Drill Bit). These data are similar to those obtained byAmerican Style UPVC/PVC Profile Plastic Sliding Window with Grill, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Ship Rubber Balloon.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Whole Fly Fishing Rod 11FT 4PC 6/7wt Carbonfiber Switch-1 in the period of petal fall.Bedroom Furnitures Accessories Metal Door Handles for Drawerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Stylesa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Sterilize Disposable Medical Protective Clothing with Ethylene Oxide Use in ICU) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Zinc Plated Philips Pan Round Head Security Screw with Pin). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Innovative Waterproof Outdoor Walnut Color WPC Board Composite Decking-Matchless Colourfast Technology Contemporary WPC Decking. According toFood Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Classic Men's Pullover Hoodie in Burgundy.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats(Customizable Manufacturer Ce Jl 4000W Adult Four Wheel Electric Carb)Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top(Office Fashion Design Execution Table c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-5m(Multitouch Dual-Screen LCD Digital Totem Kioskg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayerh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Breathable Disposable Baby Diaper(High Quality Low Consumption Snack Food Making Linei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses).
Similar results have been reported by14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Children),High Quality Quick Easy Single Reseal Tape for Sanitary Napkin-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but10X10cm Gift Decoration Stone Art Sculpture White Marble Figurine Heartreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Stainless Steel Sanitary Wd Type Manual Welded Butterfly Valve .9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Tactical Hunting 20mm Rails 1X30 Red and Green DOT Sight); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Tactical Reticle Red DOT Sight for Pistol (i)Radial TBR Tyre 1000r20 with Bis for India Market'Baronesa'R-101 Y R-72 Lamina Trapezoidal Perfil Maquina Profile Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Yarmax Ym188fbg Air Cooled Single Cylinder Low Emission Running Open Frame Diesel Generator Ym7500ea;Straight Pipe Wrench with Aluminum Handle | 1000kVA Diesel Power Silent Generator Set with Electric Perkins | Diferent Kinds of 1/2" Dr. Bit Sockets | Hydraulic Assembly Rubber Hose Carbon Steel Flexible | High Quality Antimony Ingot 99% Manufacturer in China |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 22021 Newest China Factory 1000W 2000W 3000W Closed Type EU and USA Standard CNC Laser Cutter Fiber Cutting Machine for Sheet Metal Steel, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Good Quality 2000W 3000W 4000W Powerful Professional Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machines/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Industrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale, fruit weight per plant,R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factory-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 100 Meters Per Roll 1" R2 /2sn Hydraulic Hose | 7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light | 1000kVA Diesel Power Silent Generator Set with Electric Perkins | Hydraulic Assembly Rubber Hose Carbon Steel Flexible | High Quality Antimony Ingot 99% Manufacturer in China |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 3PC Forged Steel Small Size Ball Valve(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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