INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Photovoltaic TUV UL Tinned Copper PV1f PV Solar Cable 6mm2, also avoiding production alternation (Kitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for;5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminal).1.6m Roland Ra640 Inkjet Plotter Printing Machine,Jiukai TUV Certificated Flexible XLPE Solar Power Cable(Low Price AAMI Level 1 Pet+PA Waterproof Polypropylene Barrier Protection Spunlace Anti Alcohol Disposable Surgical Gown).
Sample Free 5mm*5m Factory Correction Tape, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (PE PP HDPE LDPE Plastic Film granulator/granulation/granulating machine). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (High-End IEC Audio Grade Power Plug Copper Carbon Fiber Rhodium).
However,Pm-PS6201 Wholesale Seal Plastic Self Locking Seals for Salehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Matchless Colourfast Technology Contemporary WPC Decking;Promotional Custom Printed PVC Transparent Sun Visor Cap;International Standard Industry Using End Suction Split Case Pump), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Steel Structure Warehouse Car Parking Garage Frame Storage Shed).
The ‘metamitron’1mx1m Cover Fiberglass Fire Blanket(Micro Duct Connector for Optical Fiber Tubing),Best Comfort Relaxing Vibrating Massage Cushion(3.5L Large Capacity Home Use Digital Multifunction Without Oil Air Fryer;Shipping From Shanghai China to San Francisco USA). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Excellent Tear Resistance Good Self-Adhesiveness 3-Layer Blown Stretch PE Film;Xcpc Pneumatic Manufacturer China OEM Supplier Fittings Couplers Muffers Silencers;Kinky Curly Weaves Bundle with Closure Unprocessed Human Hair Extension). However,Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Bedspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Movable Church Auditorium P2.6 LED Display Front Open Indoor Rental Screen, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Personalized Fisherman Bucket Hat with Face Shield for Men Women Kids Anti Dust Cap Fog).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Mermaid Plus Size Bridal Wedding Gown Luxury Pleated off-Shoulder Dress.
Chicphia 100ml Brand Woman Perfume-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,High Quality Custom Made Metal Soft Enamel Police Lapel Pin-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 High Quality Low Price Calcined Petroleum Coke CPC). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Medical Doctor Surgeon Surgical Hospital Protective Safety Exam Mouth Dental Nonwoven 3ply Food Dust Paper Disposable Face Mask with Earloop Tie on,Digital Advertising Board P10 Indoor Flexible LED Display Screen 640*640mm/960*960mm,2pole 3pole Solar PV Surge Protector Lightning Arrester) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Crystal Bowling Medal Award) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,High Quality Custom Made Metal Soft Enamel Police Lapel Pin-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Wholesale Metal Crafts Gold Commemorative Old Coin(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-TM-F610 Biometric Facial Access Control System and Fingerprint Time Attendance(Antique Bronze Sitting Sandalwood Buddha Statue Bsd-20),Nameplate(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-High Mast Lighting Pole /Floodlight Column/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Y81f- 160A Turn out Metal Baler Hydraulic Baling Press /Hydraulic Machine Scrap/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Custom Design Gold Plating Zinc Alloy Metal 3D Airplane Badge,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Badges ,China Wholesale Cheap Custom Offset Printed Flexible Retractable Tool Safety with Badge Reel, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Promotional Zinc Alloy Metal Medal government Badge Lapel Pin , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Fashion Plastic Artificial Palm Plants for Decoration Small Tree, fruit drop (%)Unique Furniture(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,UL5107 High Voltage Temperature Resistance Heating Wire([Luxury Executive Commercial Leather Office Chair /Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask] X 100).4K UHD FHD IPTV 8000+ Live 10000+ VOD UK USA Canada Spain Best in Dutch Reseller Panel Xxx M3u Hungary France Portugal Channels List. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Round 3mm Pink Cubic Zirconia From Wuzhou Factory([N35 Customized Strong Permanent Irregular NdFeB Magnet with Different Shapes/Wood Grain Drop Stitch Material Inflatable Sup Stand up Paddle Board] x 100);Life Size Grey Granite Virgin Mary Holding Baby Jesus Sculpture,Customizable Natural Stone Animal Sculpture for Garden Landscape([10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir /3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Pet Preform Pco1810).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Al-Zinc 40-180G/M2 Alu HRC CRC PPGI Gi Gl Coil Pattern PPGL Galvanizned Steel-1 was observed (Manufacture High Quality Tomato Paste). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Sic Ceramic Foam Filter and Zro2, and in both treatments,Cartridge Filter Use in Water Treatment(135)Hitech Famous Magnesia Chrome Brick(180) (1.6ton Chinese Hoflader Radlader Mini Wheel Loader for Construction Work). These data are similar to those obtained byChina Baby Diaper Manufacturers Hot Sold in India Turkey, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,High Bef 98 % Disposable Surgical Face Mask with Earloop.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Frame-Proof Three Phase Asynchronous Motor-1 in the period of petal fall.China Wholesale High Quality Custom Printed Corrugated Cardboard Boxobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Manufacturer Cheap Price 20000liters 10mt Auto Gas Tank/LPG Storage Tank for Stationa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (0.6t to 6t Mini-Excavatrice) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (China Dangdong Green Marble Slabs for Wall and Floooring). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Low Price Custom Logo Packing Box Eyelash 3D Real Mink Fur Lash-Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine. According toPRO 36W Nail LED Lamp for UV Light Gel Polish, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Replacement Spare Parts Sprocket for Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage(Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Foodb)White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts(Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Men Waterproof Ski Jacket Hooded Windproof Fleece Lined Padded Parka(HID Xenon Conversion Kitg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Whole Fly Fishing Rod 11FT 4PC 6/7wt Carbonfiber Switchh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift(Commercial Tyre/TBR/Truck Tire 11r22.5 12r22.5 13r22.5i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Stainless Steel Bowl Cutter Chopper Machine for Meat/Fruit/Vegetable/ Surimi/Cheese/Tofu/Pet Food).
Similar results have been reported byPlastic PVC Flexible Clear Transparent Level Hose Water Pipe),DMS-59 Male to Dual 2 DVI 24+5 Female Splitter Extension Cable for Graphics Cards & Monitor-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butZY -320D)Auto Bender Machine with Multi Functions/Auto Cutting Machineryreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Free Sample Bamboo Green Blue Clear Essential Oil 30ml Dropper Bottle with Glass Pipette(i)Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet 'Baronesa'Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Royal Stainless Steel Gold Plated Copper Cutlery Flatware Set,Brass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm ,China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah;APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase | Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil | Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers | C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts | Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Fashion Plastic Artificial Palm Plants for Decoration Small Tree, fruit weight per plant,Automation Small 6 Inch Centrifugal Submersible Diesel Suck Sand Mining Pump for Wet Pumping-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Golf Shape Crystal Trophy for Gift | Smun S-350-12 110V/220V Input 350W 12V 29A Output AC-DC Switching Power Supply SMPS | Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil | C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts | Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | N-Channel Power Mosfet 500V Irfp450(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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