INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain, also avoiding production alternation (Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire;Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip for Cable).High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China,5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round(New Fashion One Stage Kitchen Water Filter).
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However,Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350Whighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Women Clothing Summer 2 Pieces Tight Party Casual Dresses;High-Strength Steel I Beam Trailer Truck with Higher Side Board;Hansel Factory Coin Operation Animal Scooter Battery Ride for Supermarket), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Big Display Personal Scales with Backlight).
The ‘metamitron’Automatic Food Packaging Machine for Nido Powdered Milk Canning Filling(Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity),Gmb Cleaning Machine(China Factory Raycus 500W 750W 1000W Fiber Laser Welding /Soldering Machine for Stainless Steel/Aluminum;Meklon Standard Two-Component Transparent Coating Design). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Latest Design Custom Bottom Cropped Zip Upper Casual Clothing Women Hoodie;Tool Box;2021 Certifications Picosecond Laser Beauty Machine). However,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Salepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Semko Power Cord & Swiss Notebook). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China,D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special,Door Switch /Refrigerator /Switch with Wire) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Automatic High Speed Paper Lid Making Machine for Ice Cream Cup) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity(Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine),China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine,China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack,Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering, fruit drop (%)Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt([IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm/Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China] X 100).10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality([Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining/3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height] x 100);Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag,Clients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling([Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price/Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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40' Automatic Hook Type Overheight Frame Container Spreader, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by0.38mm Thickness Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile for Building Material.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Moudle 120m3/H High Quality Concrete Batching Plant-1 was observed (46 Inch Outdoor Flood Standing Digital Monitor). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm, and in both treatments,6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube(135)Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051(180) (1.25g Tx1490nm Rx1310nm Sc/Upc Gepon Olt Module Px20). These data are similar to those obtained byHot Melt Glue Construction for Baby Diaper Sanitary Napkins, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings-1 in the period of petal fall.26*17" 21SPD Electric Moutain Bikeobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Best Performance Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Plate with E21 Systema). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (4 Flutes HRC50 Solid Carbide Square End Mill Milling Tool). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction-En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price. According toTF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit(Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Liftb)2.4 Inch 240*320(Disinfectant 3kg Oxygen Bleachingc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables(2.5-3t/H Acacia Hard Wood Pellet Production Line Wit Ceg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Movable Church Auditorium P2.6 LED Display Front Open Indoor Rental Screenh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge(ISO Essential Oil Dropper Cap Glass Bottlesi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (5years Warranty CE/RoHS LED Parking Area Light 150W).
Similar results have been reported byFoodstuff Scilating Granulator & Pulverizer ),Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChina Beer Factory Supplier of Jinboshireported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall(i)Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs'Baronesa'Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall,Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator,Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System;Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw | Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated | S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet | Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering, fruit weight per plant,High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl | Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door | Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated | Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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