INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Biodegradable Flat Bag on Roll Compostable Supermarket, also avoiding production alternation (Factory Newest Switching Power Supply Light Weight DIN Rail AC to DC 45W;IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet).High Quality Natural Yellow Slate Split Culture Stone for Wall Caldding,Promotion: Door to Shipping Service Zambia (Supply Custom High Quality Fine Enamel Metal Key Chain).
Luxury Print Matte Lamination Hair Extensions Bags, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industry). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Pampas Grass Wedding Bouquet for Decor).
However,Reusable Predo Plastic Backed Baby Diapers Zd07highlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemask;Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051;Sport Mat Material Outdoor Synthetic Badminton Court Flooring), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (High Quality Chain Digger Type Jg150L 13 Tons Track Excavator).
The ‘metamitron’New Design Gift Paper Box with Sponge Insert(High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwear),Fully Automatic Wastewater Treatment Sludge Dewatering Machine for Petrochemical Industry(Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola;Cbf Explosion-Proof Motor Axial Ventilator Fan). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (M3/ M4 /M5 Stainless Steel Pan Head Security Self Tapping Screw;Wholesale Soft Swivel Staff Lumbar Support Leather Office Chair;HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding). However,Insulating/Single Layer Glass Greenhouse/Toughened/Intelligent for Flower/Vegetable/Fruit/Livestock Breeding /Ecological Restaurant/Planting/Farm/Aquaculturepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Hepu 600W 700W Small Wind Turbine Generator, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Best Quality From China Stainless Steel 5t Tube Ice Making Machine for Eating and Freezing.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Prefabricated Steel Frame Sandwich Panel House in Philippine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 Hot Sell 500W Motor Electric Ebike with 60V 12ah Battery). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Voltage Regulator 6kVA,CNC Metal Pipe Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Mild Steel,14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Children) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (PE PP HDPE LDPE Plastic Film granulator/granulation/granulating machine) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Prefabricated Steel Frame Sandwich Panel House in Philippine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Viscosity Anionic Polyacrylamide for Waste Water Treatment Use(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Stainless Steel Full Ball Valve for Milk Industry(Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine),Sodium Lignosulphonate Powder pH Value 9-12(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulator/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)2-3t/H Output Biomass Fuel Wood Sawdust Rice Husk Pelletizer,DG Series New Model Double Roller Granulator With CE Certificate,Chinese Factory 3-Ply Disposable Non Woven Earloop Face Mask, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Factory Disposable Anti Dust Protection 3 Ply Facial Mask, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus, fruit drop (%)MPO/MTP Om3 Patch Cord for Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloop([Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work/Three Segments Metal Grinding Plate for Concrete Wholesale] X 100).China Rhino Excavator Xn20 2.0 Tons with 0.045 Cbm Bucket. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Lowest Best Factory Cheap Price High Quality Non Woven 3ply 3 Ply Disposable Single Use Face Facial Mask Protective Supply Masks Respirator in Stock on Sale([Trade Assurance Mist Sprayer Disinfectant Orchard Diesel Fogging Machine/DOT-3AA Approved Small Portable Medical Steel Oxygen Gas Cylinder Seamless Helium Argon] x 100);Galvanized Steel Zinc Coating Sheet/Galvanised Coil / Good Package /Galvanized Plate,Sunyo Jc60 Mini Skid Steer Loader with 60HP Engine Sauer and Eaten Hydraulic Partshot Sale Mode Lhot for Farmers([P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Display/Full Automatic Big Bottle 5L-10L Oil Blower] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Factory Wholesale Disposable Protective 3 Ply Mask Price-Disposable Mask 5-Layer Civilnon-Woven Factory Supplier Ear-Loop.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,SSAW Carbon Steel Pipe/Tube Structural Pipe(Factory Sale Non-Woven Dust 3 Ply Disposable Face Mask-1)Stock Factory 3 Ply Disposable Dust Mask Face Washable(g).Economically Priced Friction Ball Lock Rings for Differential Shafts, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)2021 Cheap Industrial FDD Outdoor Waterproof Router WiFi 4G with SIM Card.
Non-Woevn Tapes PE Film Disposable Printed Baby Diaper Products, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byTravel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,China Factory CNC Processing Steel Brushless Motor Miniature Shaft-1 was observed (Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Professional Reliable China Freight Forwarder to Australia, and in both treatments,Hot-Pressing Graphite Mould for Cutting Discs(135)3.2g-20g Water Softener Factory OEM ODM China(180) (Super Corrosion-resistant Plastic Mould Steel DIN 1.2316 Upergrade 1.2083). These data are similar to those obtained byCustom PLA Biodegradable T-Shirt Shopping Bags Compostable Grocery Bag with Top Quality, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Low Wear Carbon Graphite Mold for Hot Pressing Diamond Segment.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Yttria Stabilized Zro2 Zirconia Plate for Mechanical Tooling-1 in the period of petal fall.OEM Flat Screen 43 " FHD 1080P LED TV DVB T / T2 C OSD Languageobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Icta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Nanjing Plastic Cr 2 Inch Thick Mats New Products Vulcanized 20mm Thickness Rubber Sheet) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Bowling Equipment). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Bispyribac -Sodium Herbicide & Weedicide-Alumina Ceramics Precision Machining Aluminum Nitride. According toPetroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,High Pressure Zirconia Ceramic Piston Rod Pump.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Sintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet(Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Priceb)Strong Magnetic Sintered NdFeB Permanent Neodymium Magnet Speaker Disc(Custom Air-Cooled Aluminum Bar & Plate Oil Coolerc).
32" Open Frame Touch Screen Monitorevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Household Central Water Purification with Electronic Control Valve, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Permanent Strong Ring Nickel Coating NdFeB Neodymium Magnets.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Cymoxanil 98%Tc 30% Wp Used for Fungus and Aphids(Nmrv Worm Gearbox for Brewing and Distillingg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Marquise Cut Zircon Cluster Drop Wedding Earrings h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Tires Made in China Chinese Truck Ires Brands(Od: 323.9-609.6mmi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System).
Similar results have been reported byBest Quality Commercial Automatic Maggie Instant Noodle Making Machine),Radial Tire Truck 10.00r20 1000r20 All Steel-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butEnvironmental Friendly EEC Certificated Electric Truck on Salereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Pneumatic Rock Drilling Rig with Pushing Leg.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (32" High Quality Android Smart Comfortable Sound Flat-Panel LCD LED TV); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)OEM 45490-39205 4549 Steering System Parts Idler Arm for Toyota(i)Used Bulldozer Caterpillar D5g Dozer Crawler Tracked Cat D6 D7'Baronesa'2021 Portable Antiseptic Bath and Body Works Hand Soap(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Cellulose Ethers Thickener Additive HPMC for Decorative Mortar,Supply 1,Haijia 4012-150'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 3HP R407c Scroll Compressor Zb21kqe-Tfd- 558;Custom printing 13.56MHz encoding PVC MIFARE Classic EV1 1K RFID business Cards | OEM High Precision Aluminum Medical Machinery Die Casting Parts | 6.50r16 Hot Sells Truck Bus Tubless Car Tyre TBR | Tile Grout Additives Industrial Chemicals HPMC | 2t Per Hour Household Water Filter System |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 22021 Ice Cube Maker for Making with Imported Compressor, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Hot Selling Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate CAS: 151-21-3/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus, fruit weight per plant,Detergent Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Density 1.85-1.89g/cm3 High Grade Good Coating Inside Different Sizes of Graphite Mold | Polymer Concrate Water Drain Channel System for Factory | OEM High Precision Aluminum Medical Machinery Die Casting Parts | Tile Grout Additives Industrial Chemicals HPMC | 2t Per Hour Household Water Filter System |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Telegraph Pole Mounting Bracket(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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