INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes , also avoiding production alternation (Far North Infrared Saunas Combination Ceramic Dry Sauna;Yingjiao Made in China 6V/9V/12V/13.5V/ 15V /16.5V/18V/0.5A/1A AC/DC Switching Power Adapter).Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting,Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco (Galvanized Tube IMC).
Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (OEM 7A04 ). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (HPL Board).
However,Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sievehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex ;Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Liquid Dishwasher Shampoo Water Oil Glass Plastic Bottle Cream Filling Machinery Machine Liquids;90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (35W Anti- Glare Recessed Adjustable LED Spot Light).
The ‘metamitron’Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange(Supermarket -1~5 Degree Deli Cooler for Service Counter Sushi Sandwich Display),Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb(China Jetstream Bypass Valve for Water Blasting Machine;Shellac Soak off LED & UV Nail Gel Polish 120 Different Colors ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Clear Fashionable Safety Protection Plastic Face Shield;Full Automatic Chocolate Making Machine for Producing Different Kinds of;Window Blinds Components with Competitive Price). However,Ce Standard Fried Snacks Food Making Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (803030 603040 3.7V 650mAh Lipo Battery for Vape Pen).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler.
Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (3km Night Vision 8km Dayvision 13km Thermal Long Range PTZ CCTV Camera). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017,5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking,Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil(Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection),Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Spur Pinion Gear Shaft/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump,Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display, fruit drop (%)9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel([Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad/Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001] X 100).Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan([Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food/Forged Aluminium Fry Pan] x 100);WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC,Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV([Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads/Disposable Syringe 23G 70mm Micro Blunt Cannula for Hypodermic Injection] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Hyaluronic Acid 25g 27g 50mm Blunt Tip Needle Micro Cannules for Filler-Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler(Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic-1)Deft Design Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 OEM Android 9.0 TV Tuner Set Top Box Hdr10 Vp9+ 3D Video Decoder(g).Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial.
10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byCustom High Quality 100% Cotton Summer Sun Visor Hat.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (High Quality Stranded Copper Electrical Cable ACSR Wire).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Manufacture High Quality Tomato Paste-1 was observed (OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From China). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders. In the study of times of metamitron application,Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022.Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery-Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine,2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Bronzed Color Surface Mounting Light Switch for European Marketobserved that 350 mg L-Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group, or in two times,Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,American Style UPVC/PVC Profile Plastic Sliding Window with Grill2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Bedroom Furnitures Accessories Metal Door Handles for DrawerEco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof,S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718, and in both treatments,Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34(135)Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane(180) (Custom Tinplate Button Metal Pin Badge with Colorful Logo). These data are similar to those obtained byRespiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale-1 in the period of petal fall.Sterilize Disposable Medical Protective Clothing with Ethylene Oxide Use in ICUobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoistera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Customizable Manufacturer Ce Jl 4000W Adult Four Wheel Electric Car) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Vintage Design Jewelry Packaging Paper Bag Own Logo Printing Rope Handle). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Plastic Mould Steel Sheet and Plate for C50 SAE1050 S50C-Full Hydraulic Wheel Excavator 13t. According toOffice Fashion Design Execution Table , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Fast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line(Chengli Brand 3 Axles 40FT Flat Bed Container Semi Trailer 40~50tonsb)PVC Garden Pipe Machine(8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-2021 High Quality Air-Pod 2ND Generation Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charging Case(ABC Cable Duplex Aerial Bundle Service Drop Aluminum Conductorg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatmenth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Korean car Parts(14683 Type Iir Protective Anti-Virus Anti-Dust Medical Surgical Face Mask Handmade for Adult Kids Childreni).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (900mm Knock Down Storage Cabinet with 2 Shelf).
Similar results have been reported byHobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing ),for iPhone 7 Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charger Case 2021-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butM18 DC 6-36V Three Wire PNP No Inductive Proximity Switch Sensorreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike(i)Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light'Baronesa'Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet,2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 ,Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W;2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing | Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar | CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling | WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display, fruit weight per plant,Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price | 125ton/160ton/200t Hydraulic Plate Folding Machine/CNC Sheet Metal Machine | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing | CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling | WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Q35y-40 E21 CNC Servo Hydraulic Ironworker 40mm Metal Sheet Iron Worker(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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However,Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller.