INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer, also avoiding production alternation (New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine;High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Parts).3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer,Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean(Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A).
Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (High Pressure Hose Four Wire Spiral Flexible Hydraulic Rubber).
However,Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birdshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable;Made in China 100X150 Shipping Labels Thermal Stickers;Hot Selling Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate CAS: 151-21-3), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Aluminum Decorative Suspended Metal Hook on Panel Ceiling).
The ‘metamitron’Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting(High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module),60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club(Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality;Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam;Leather and Textile Outdoor Lifestyle Thong Style Sandals;New Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64). However,TPS Sensor 18919-Am810point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Ladies' Fox Fur Coat , and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Disposable Medical Cotton Bud with Plastic Stick.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Medical Supplies Surgical Waterproof Zinc Oxide Micropore PE Non Woven Silk Adhesive Plaster Tape for Skin Wound Care Dressing with FDA CE ISO13485). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer ,Pressure Chicken Frying Machine,China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hot Air Torch for Bonding Geo Composite Geomembrane) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)100 PCS or 200 in 1 Swab Natural Bamboo Cotton Buds(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Titan eyeglass frame for men metal eyewear glasses(New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglasses),Industrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Electric Beaf Slicer Fresh Meat Slicing Machine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,House Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From China/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair,China Manufacture Top Forestry Machinery 10ton Wood Log Grapple Loader with Crane,USA Modern Adjustable Comfortable MID Back Rolling Home Office Chair with Low Price High Quality, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Power Tools Rock Demolition Concrete Hydraulic Hammer Breaker for Excavator Attachment, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mm, fruit drop (%)140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts([PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm/Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel] X 100).OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe([Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock/Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design ] x 100);a-010 Men Steel Toe Shoes Fashion Waterproof Safety Boots,Cut-Resistant Safety Gloves for Industry Latex Coated Work([Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles/Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Strong EU 17764-18 Brown Block Crystal for Laboratory Research, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAutomatic Double Sided Wood Planer Machine.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Sell Open End Colored Lycra Spandex Acy Air Covered Yarn for Sewing).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Rib 360 Inflatable Boat 12FT Full Welded Aluminum Hull Fishing Speed Skiff for Sale-1 was observed (Laparoscopic Equipment Full HD Camera Endoscope 1080P for Different Surgery). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Fashion Accessories Cable Chain Beads Bracelet Earring Necklace for Jewelry Gift Wholesale. In the study of times of metamitron application,316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Roronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay.Inflatable Meltdown Bouncy The Last One Standing Sport Game Playground-Aqualand 17feet Semi-Rigid Inflatable Rescue Motor/ Aluminum Foldable Deck Rubber Boat ,LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Manufacturers 24mm 28mm Cosmetic Plastic Screw Flip Top Capobserved that 350 mg L-Inflatable Fishing Boat with Aluminum Floor, or in two times,Ship Rubber Balloon, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone HolderWhole Fly Fishing Rod 11FT 4PC 6/7wt Carbonfiber Switch, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/GiftInnovative Waterproof Outdoor Walnut Color WPC Board Composite Decking,Matchless Colourfast Technology Contemporary WPC Decking.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Classic Men's Pullover Hoodie in Burgundy, and in both treatments,Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats(135)Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top(180) (Factory Outlet Acrylic Raw Material 2K Metallic Car Paint). These data are similar to those obtained byPP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strand, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Mix Color WPC Capped Wood Plastic Composite Decking for Sale.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Manufacturer 11m High Q235 Steel Street Lighting Pole-1 in the period of petal fall.Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipmentobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemica). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Liquid Milk Turbine Flow Meter Dn10). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%5m-for Sale 4.2m Rib Boat with FRP Bottom. According toAccumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Custom Made Artificial Stone Solid Surface Bathroom Countertop.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,French 52 in Black Resin Stone Free Standing Corner Bath Tub(Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Labb)Exporting Japan/Europe/Africa Market 100% Cotton Baby Diapers with Wetness Indicator(Non Woven Fabric Box Bag Making Machine with Handle Zxl-E700c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Stainless Steel Sanitary Wd Type Manual Welded Butterfly Valve (High Current Rectifier for Electroplating Waste Water Treatment 30V 200A Wth Reverse Polarityg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mallh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’High Quality Motorcycle Spead Part Lever Gn(2021 Nail Art UV Gel Wholesale Factory Cheap Price Polish 1kgi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (2021 Cheap Industrial FDD Outdoor Waterproof Router WiFi 4G with SIM Card).
Similar results have been reported byCheck Weight System for Pouchs / Packages/ Bags),Stainless Steel Hygienic 3A-7W Equal Tee Long-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butUsed Emulsion Turbine Oil Treatment Machine with Vacuum Systemreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Sanitary Stainless Steel High Pressure Clamp Pipe Fitting Hygienic.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Yarmax Ym188fbg Air Cooled Single Cylinder Low Emission Running Open Frame Diesel Generator Ym7500ea); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Straight Pipe Wrench with Aluminum Handle(i)1000kVA Diesel Power Silent Generator Set with Electric Perkins'Baronesa'Diferent Kinds of 1/2" Dr. Bit Sockets (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Hydraulic Assembly Rubber Hose Carbon Steel Flexible,High Quality Antimony Ingot 99% Manufacturer in China,2021 Newest China Factory 1000W 2000W 3000W Closed Type EU and USA Standard CNC Laser Cutter Fiber Cutting Machine for Sheet Metal Steel'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Good Quality 2000W 3000W 4000W Powerful Professional Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machines;R1 a 1st R2 2st Hydraulic Hose Factory | 100 Meters Per Roll 1" R2 /2sn Hydraulic Hose | 7m Lithium Battery Street Lamp Solar LED Light | 3PC Forged Steel Small Size Ball Valve | A563 2h High Strength Structural Nuts |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Superwhite Auto Bulbs 194 /T10 12v5w, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Stock Q235 5m 6m 7m Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Pole Evergreen Solar Garden Light/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mm, fruit weight per plant,Diesel-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Carbide CNC inserts SPUB63 Series Scarfing Inserts For Pipe | Oil Fired Marine Steam Boiler | 100 Meters Per Roll 1" R2 /2sn Hydraulic Hose | 3PC Forged Steel Small Size Ball Valve | A563 2h High Strength Structural Nuts |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 115mm Diamond Concrete Cup Wheel with F Segment(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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