INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience , also avoiding production alternation (T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb;One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drilling).Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank,Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop(Colorful Air Cushion Bag with Favorable Price).
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However,High Quality Wholesale Price Ultra Thin LED Panel/Ceiling Lighthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Video Clickwhell for iPod;Fruityvape Eliquid Afterkiss Vapejuice for OEM 10ml 30ml 60ml;Hot Sale 2ml Cross Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injection Lips and Facial Korean), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Unprocessed Body Wave Human Hair Peruvian Virgin Extension 3 Bundles Ombre Purple Color with 4*4 Closure Free Shipping).
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Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Flour Mill Line Maize Machine Corn). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple,Apple,Apple Ring ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Fresh Chinese Ya Pear) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-2021 Best Design Fashion Cool Sun Hat Visor Cap with Embroidery(Good Harvest Fresh Red Qinguan Apple at Grade a),Company Custom Uniform Rainbow Hip Hop Baseball Cap with Long Visor Effective Sun Protection(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Promotional Custom Printed PVC Transparent Sun Visor Cap/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,RGBW IP20 Indoor Strip Lights LED Ribbon Lighting for Decoration/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Inflatable Hammock Pool Lounge Chair Float with Mesh,1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel,China Track& Field Equipment Hurdle Meter, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Indoor Outdoor Playground Gym Equipment for Commercial Fitness, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),2A12 High Quality Aluminium Sheet for Aerospace Structural Parts, fruit drop (%)Commercial Custom Interior Design Natural Jungle Land Kids Indoor Playground(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,for Apple Watch Charging Cable Magnetic USB Fast Quick([GPS Locating 26 Inch 500W City Electric Bike with HiFi Music Bluetooth Speaker/Best Selling Forestgrass Artificial Outdoor Garden Decoration] X 100).Plexiglass Material Testing Powder Coating Container W/ Fluidized Bed Plates. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Lighting Fixture Landscape Outdoor Street Solar LED Light([Drywall Acoustic Perforated Gypsum Tile Ceiling Board/3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airport] x 100);Customized Modern High Gloss White Paint MDF Board Lacquer Kitchen Cabinets Furnitures,Italy Design Pink Solid Surface Stone Corian Bathroom Bathtub([Wholesale Small Fishing Hovercraft Inflatable Rowing Boat/One DIN Car MP3 Player with 2USB Bluetooth Function] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Special Unique Blue Diamond Crystal Marble Slabs for Hotel).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards-1 was observed (Pallet Thermal Insulated Container Cold Chain Shipping Box). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddle, and in both treatments,Paddle Mixer for Mixing Blending Powder(135)Epoxy Polyester Electrostatic Spray Powder Coating for Electric Fan(180) (Deutz Soundproof Type Diesel Genertor Set for Heavy Duty Rental). These data are similar to those obtained byMaydos Unsaturated Resin Polyester Wood Varnish-PE Coating, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Mediana SpO2 Sensor with 14pins Compatible Ym-2002 Series.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Hot Selling Electric Portable Mini Hydraulic Scissor Lift Table Fixed Small /Scissor Platform-1 in the period of petal fall.Wholesale Commercial Electric Bread Baking Wholesale/Commercial Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Oven Gas/Cake Price Bakers Use Rack Ovensobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (LC/Sc Simplex Singlemode Fiber Optical Patch Corda). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Fashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Sales) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (OEM Oil Filter for Car or Truck). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor-Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling. According toAM CB Radio , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Spriral Bevel Gear for Farm(Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizerb)Emulsion Paint Interior Exterior Decorative Stucco Coating(Far North Infrared Saunas Combination Ceramic Dry Saunac).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood(Automatic Car/Truck/OTR Tire/Rubber Mulch Recycling Plant for Pyrolysisg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Galvanized Tube IMCh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air(90kw 113kVA Ricardo Super Silent Diesel Power Generators i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Supermarket -1~5 Degree Deli Cooler for Service Counter Sushi Sandwich Display).
Similar results have been reported byChina Jetstream Bypass Valve for Water Blasting Machine),Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChina Factory Disposable Paper Cup with Handlereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player(i)20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes 'Baronesa'Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco ,Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve ,Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb;Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars | Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler | Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning | Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050 | Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 25W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,2A12 High Quality Aluminium Sheet for Aerospace Structural Parts, fruit weight per plant,China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask | High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil | Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler | Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050 | Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Spur Pinion Gear Shaft. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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