INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine, also avoiding production alternation (Foam Filled Aluminum Rolling Shutter for Windows;Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine).Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing,HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding(Polyresin/Resin Craft Festival Gift Christmas House with LED Light).
Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Ce and CCC Totally Enclosed Wide Frequency 30~ 60 Hz / 40~70Hz AC 3 Phase Induction Motor for Pump Fan Gearbox Reducer Compressor Cement Mixer). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Gas Regulator Pressure Reducer with Big Factory).
However,Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glasshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Topless Tower Crane Hot Sale Qtz160 ;China Cheap Ready to Ship Stock Factory Wholesale Ce Civil Disposable KN95 Face Mask Dust;Hot Dipping Galvanized Steel Strip), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Sky Blue Color Style Earphone Headphones for Sale Best Earbuds Under $50).
The ‘metamitron’2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women(Sea Freight Container Professional Shipping From Guangzhou to Southeast Asia),24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size(High Quality Diisopropylidene Mannitol Powder CAS 1707- 77 -3;Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Commercial Custom Interior Design Natural Jungle Land Kids Indoor Playground;Crawler 360-6 Long Screw Pile Driver Hydraulic Press Pilling Machine with Fast Piling Speed for Sale;Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine). However,China Wholesale Metal Crafts Gold Commemorative Old Coinpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings.
Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Palm Oil Milling Fruit Processing Filter Expeller Machine). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack,CNC Machinetools Center,High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake(Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask),Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool,Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag,Hardware Stamping Parts by Die, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205, fruit drop (%)Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabric([Mini Stick Shape Keychain USB Flash Drive for Laptop /Cheap FedEx/DHL/UPS Courier Express Service From China to Niger] X 100).Giant OTR Tire /Mine Using/ Huge and Heavy Equipment Using 3300-51. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,White Print Sport Women T Shirt([18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker/17X9.0 Milled Rivets Wheel Rim Tuner] x 100);304 Stainless Steel Flange Price,Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer([Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin/3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byBlue Ambidextrous PVC Nitrile Blend Disposable Examination Powder Free Gloves Vinyl/Nitrile Blended.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery-1 was observed (Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleece). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine. In the study of times of metamitron application,Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Factory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die.Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen-Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine,1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Lgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machineobserved that 350 mg L-Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut, or in two times,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Reusable Free Sample RFID NFC WristbandDIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tgCanned Food Factory Selling Good Quality,OEM Nonstandard Part Precision CNC Machining Services.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-1104 Customized Alloy Aluminum ADC12 Die Casting Part/ Casted Part for Auto Industry, and in both treatments,21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk(135)Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine(180) (Arabic Villa Bathroom Wall Decoration Simple Waterjet Marble Border Designs). These data are similar to those obtained byDatapod Automatic Pipe Swing Gate with Fingerprint Sensor, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Mini Camping Lantern Portable Lamp -1 in the period of petal fall.Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Saleobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyesa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Round Volcano Slide for Playground). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell-Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks. According toCoaxial Cable for Communication, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor(Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cableb)Fire Alarm Control System Panel(XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loadersc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker(Medical Recording ECG Thermal Paper Rollg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Cam Indexer for Automation Equipmenth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot(High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machinei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation).
Similar results have been reported byVegetable Oil Powder for Milk Replacement),Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butXcg 3 Ton Wheel Loaderreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Smart Bracelet Series 5 T5 PRO Watch Heart Rate Blood Pressure for Ios Android Wristband.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp(i)Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light'Baronesa'Obooc 45si Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 Handheld Printer(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light,Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls,Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3;100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple | 150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers | High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol | Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating | Teriyaki Sauce |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Jarrow Formulas, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Frozen Carrot Slice/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205, fruit weight per plant,Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Professional Production Green Deep Sea Trawl Sardine Fishing Net | 4GB E14 Version Raspberry Pi 4 Model 4b Bcm2711 Quad-Core Cortex-A72 1.5GHz 2GB RAM with Dual Band WiFi Bluetooth Support Poe | 150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers | Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating | Teriyaki Sauce |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Price(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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