INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap, also avoiding production alternation (Small Pirate Theme Children's Park Indoor Playground with Slides;Professional Made Face Mask KN95 Protection Dust Mmask with Earloop).PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm,6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube(New Style Pre Hot DIP Galvanized Horse Stable Fence Panel).
Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Factory Sales of High-Quality Food Grade 99.5% Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate for Additives). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Falt Die Fertilizer Pellet Machine for Hot Sale).
However,Spring Type Hose Reel for Hydraulic Oilhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (MDF Hot Sell Executive Office Desk;Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus;CAMC 618DA1006002A Camshaft Spare Patrs for Truck with Low Price), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (28mm Ring Illuminated Push Button Switch 1no1nc Momentary with Terminal).
The ‘metamitron’12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery(Heavy Duty Pallet Racking for Industrial Warehouse Storage Solutions),Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings(Non Medical 3 Ply Woven Bfe99 % Disposable Breathable Face Masks with Custom Logo Made in China Mask Stock Protective;Prefabricated Steel Frame Sandwich Panel House in Philippine). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration;Club Gym Fitness Equipment Abdominal Trainer Machine;Tkl 75kw 100HP Oil Injected Direct Coupling Rotary Screw Air Compressor). However,Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coveragepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (OEM Custom Smart Home Equipment PCBA PCB Manufacturing and Assembly). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,2.4 Inch 240*320,Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price,AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift(Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell),Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply,Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens,Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized, fruit drop (%)Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF([Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores/Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels] X 100).Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall([Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs/Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker] x 100);Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall,Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator([Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight/823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byA312 304/316/310S/321/ 321H /347H Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl-1 was observed (Kids Favourite Science Toys DIY Snow Slime). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-360 Spin Mop Microfiber Lazy Flat with Bucket Scraper Squeegee, and in both treatments,Latest Design Double Toughened Glass Aluminum Casement Window(135)Replacement Latest Design Burglar Proof Steel Tilt-Wash Opening Aluminium Casement Windows(180) (30W 3000lm G5 LED Headlight Kit H1 H4 H3 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 9005 9006 H16/5202 880). These data are similar to those obtained byCustomized Sound Birthday Card Music Greeting Gift, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Custom Embossed Logo Antique Bronze Finish Metal Key Ring.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Colorful/Halal/Vegetable/HPMC/Gelatin//Pullulan/Veggie/Hard/Plant/ Vegan Capsules-1 in the period of petal fall.Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Platedobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (ADSS Opgw Optical Fiber Cable G652D 48cores Fibra Opticaa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (5 Inch Double Jacket Large Diameter PVC Marine Hose Price) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Hot Selling Hand Watch Mobile Phone Price Bluetooth U8 Men Android Smart). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Zinc Alloy Die Cating Barrel Keyring-Latest Hot Sale Clear Black Design Logo Printing Shoes Men Slipper. According toSemi Auto Small Bottle Liquid Filling Machine Soap, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,ASTM A194 Grade 2h / 7 Heavy Hex Nuts Suppliers.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Vegan 5PCS Cosmetic Brush Set Makeup Cosmetics(Indoor Full Color Rental & Fixed P1.923 200X150mm Billboard LED Video Screeng).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (10s 13s Li - ion Battery PCM/PCB 5A/15A 25A with 5V USB/Switchh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’28mm Keruing Container Flooring Plywood(Radial Tire Truck 10.00r20 1000r20 All Steeli).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (General Motorcycle LED Turn Signal Light Flash Direction for YAMAHA Fz16 Honda Kawasaki Z1000sx).
Similar results have been reported byPermanent Strong Ring Nickel Coating NdFeB Neodymium Magnets),Handmade Custom Shape Felt Handbag-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butTurn Roll Paper Handlers Lifterreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Prevent Wound Infection After Vaccination/I. V Cannula Fixing Dressing/Vaccine Patch); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Home Hotel Antibacterial Sanitized Microfiber Polyester Quilts Comforters(i)China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts'Baronesa'Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyi(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 12oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass,Custom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem,75 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform;Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment | 500ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Antibacterial Liquid Disposable Hand Sanitizer Gel | Wholesale High Quality 250ml Tin Nice Beverage Drinking Can | 15 New Jbl Powerful HiFi Home Theater Wireless Bluetooth PA Professional Karaoke Party Trolley Loud Audio Battery Speaker | 15kHz Long Distance Ultrasonic Transducer for 50m |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Fully Stocked LC Single Mode Quad Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Beauty Product Extra Virgin Coconut Oil Softgel/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized, fruit weight per plant,Spiral Galvanized Barbed Wire 2.5mm Diameter-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 12*14 Twisted Wire High Tensile Barbed | 1.6mm Double Electric Concertina Barbed Wire Used for Protective Fence | 500ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Antibacterial Liquid Disposable Hand Sanitizer Gel | 15 New Jbl Powerful HiFi Home Theater Wireless Bluetooth PA Professional Karaoke Party Trolley Loud Audio Battery Speaker | 15kHz Long Distance Ultrasonic Transducer for 50m |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | HDPE Geocell Factory Manufacturer(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Textured & Smooth Honeycomb Structure Geocell with 50mm--200mm Cell Depth‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid.
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