INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Life Size Grey Granite Virgin Mary Holding Baby Jesus Sculpture, also avoiding production alternation (Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal;Medical Doctor Surgeon Surgical Hospital Protective Safety Exam Mouth Dental Nonwoven 3ply Food Dust Paper Disposable Face Mask with Earloop Tie on).Customizable Natural Stone Animal Sculpture for Garden Landscape,10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir (Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter).
3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (55 Inch 3X3 LED Backlight Indoor LCD Video Wall with Seamless Ultra Narrow Bezel Panel for Advertising Display). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Logistics From South China Ports to Newsland).
However,Customized Basketball Figurine with High Detailshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Food Service Restaurant Hotel Sanitary Transparent Plastic Mouth Shield;Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips;Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (3/4" SS316 Mini Ball Valve with Blue Handler).
The ‘metamitron’Blasting Drilling Rig 115mm for Borehole(Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System),High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine(Robot CNC Induction Hardening Quenching Tempering Annealing Heat Treatment Machine Tool;Gw Carbide - Tungsten End Mills 4 Flutes Ball Nose Mill). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (What Is The Best Pulse Oximeter for Home Use? - Bluetooth Finger;Textile Weaving Spare Part G6300 GS900 Fast Vertical Clamp Pno78620;Custom Cheap Police Metal Antique Military Coin). However,Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Reclaimed Water Better Than Belt Presspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,American Style Home Living Room Sofa Furniture Hotel Corner Sofas, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (TBR Truck Tyre Cr960 11r24.5 295/80r22.5).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Hot Sale Modern Office Furniture Cheap Fabric Ergonomic Chair.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Friendly Funny Cat Toys Turntable Balls Rolling Interactive Pet Toy-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Heavy Duty Plastic Platform Hand Truck). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Office Custom Furniture Genuine Leather Living Room Sofa Set with Tea Table,Blue Ear Loop 3 Ply Non-Woven Dust Protective Disposable Medical/Civil Mask for Face,Al-Zinc 40-180G/M2 Alu HRC CRC PPGI Gi Gl Coil Pattern PPGL Galvanizned Steel) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (L7e Approved Logistic Delivery Electric Vehicle) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Friendly Funny Cat Toys Turntable Balls Rolling Interactive Pet Toy-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCR(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-4X4 SUV Tire Lt235 /85r16 Lt245/75r16 Lt265/75r16 Lt285/75r16(Compasal),Cak6136c CNC High Precision Gear Lathe(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Automatic Divider of Dough Industrial Bread Hydraulic Cutter Machinery/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machine/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Smart Charging 3 Wheeler EEC Electric Scooter,Hydraulic Breaker Top Type Sb 10,En10327 2004 Customized Hot DIP/Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Hdgi/Gi in Plain/Flat/ Plate/Strip Film for Roofing Sheet/Ibr, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Low Maintenance Cost Cdb Series on Sale Gap Lathe Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Taiwan-Made Metal Machining Lathe CNC, fruit drop (%)Bodybuilding Supplements Polypeptide Hormones Peptide Ghrp-6 Ghrp-2 PT141 Mt2(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Realistic Lawn Artificial Grass Outdoor Synthetic Turf Yard Garden Decor([Plk Lift Adjustable Loading Dock Ramp for Sale in Europe/Brazilian Deep Wave Bundles with Closure Human Hair Remy Weave and] X 100).Real Photo Shine Silky Straight Brazilian Virgin Human Hair Wigs. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Top Malaysian Body Wave Hair Weft Virgin Human Bundles([Sic Ceramic Foam Filter and Zro2/Cartridge Filter Use in Water Treatment] x 100);Hitech Famous Magnesia Chrome Brick,High Bef 98 % Disposable Surgical Face Mask with Earloop([Frame-Proof Three Phase Asynchronous Motor/Low Price Custom Logo Packing Box Eyelash 3D Real Mink Fur Lash] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byIndustrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Stage Fire Effect DMX LED Flame Light).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Angelbella Soft and Best Full Lace Wig Frontal Closure-1 was observed (Mermaid Plus Size Bridal Wedding Gown Luxury Pleated off-Shoulder Dress). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Brass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm , and in both treatments,China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin(135)Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah(180) (Stainless Steel Superior Dental Examination Explorers Probes Instruments Kit 3-Piece Set). These data are similar to those obtained byBest Selling Various Type Water Bottle Plastic Bucket Manufacturing Blow Molding Machine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil-1 in the period of petal fall.Pressure Chicken Frying Machineobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Bolas Forjadas/ Forging Grinding Steel Ball for Minea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Men's Soft and Comfortable T-Shirt for Sports Wear) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Perforated Nonwoven of Sanitary Raw Material). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers-C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts. According toIndustrial Air Cooled Rooftop Cooling System Conditioner, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,High Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR(My-A010g 128 Elements Wireless Linear Probeb)China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts(K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniformc).
Solar Water Pump Inverter with VFD and MPPT Tracker Functionevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Automation Small 6 Inch Centrifugal Submersible Diesel Suck Sand Mining Pump for Wet Pumping, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Golf Shape Crystal Trophy for Gift.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Smun S-350-12 110V/220V Input 350W 12V 29A Output AC-DC Switching Power Supply SMPS(Johnson Wire Cloth Welded Water Treatment Intake Screeng).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (27-Inch HD All-in-One Curved Screen Desktop Gtx 1050ti 4G Ultra-Thin Computer h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp(Airsoft Military Force Recon Tactical Vesti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel).
Similar results have been reported byNo Leakage Vertical Multisatge Pump for Buliding),2838 Brushless Electric Motor 40kw Waterproof DC Small Motors-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHome CCTV Security Surveillance Package Kitreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Creative Wood Grain 304 Stainless Steel Mug Vacuum Water Cup Cute Mini Pot Belly.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable(i)Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire'Baronesa'Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator,Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes,Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine;Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing | HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding | Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry | 2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women | 24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Taiwan-Made Metal Machining Lathe CNC, fruit weight per plant,Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying | Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack | HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding | 2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women | 24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | CNC Machinetools Center(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil.
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